Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

468 > GI Diseases > Flashcards

GI Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What nutrients are absorbed in the Jejunum?

A

Major Macronutrients (Glucose, FA, Cholesterol, AA & Peptides)
Water Soluble Vitamins
Minerals
Electrolytes and Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What Nutrients are absorbed in the Ileum?

A

Bile Acids
Fat and Cholesterol
Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin B12
Electrolytes
Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What happens to undigested carbohydrates in the colon?

A

They are converted to SCFA by colonic bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are symptoms of GERD?

A

Chronic heartburn
Chest pain
Nocturnal coughing spasm
Regurgitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are complications of GERD?

A

Inflammation of esophagus
Scar Tissue
Stricture: narrowing of esophagus
Esophageal Cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the associated factors with GERD?

A

Increased abdominal pressure (The lower esophageal sphincter is partially controlled by a pressure gradient)
Relaxed LES
Delayed gastric emptying
Sensitive esophageal mucosa
Pyloric obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the pre-disposing conditions for GERD?

A

Obesity
Ascites - excessive fluid in the abdominal cavity associated with liver disease
Scleroderma - a disease that leads to the hardening of tissues
Pregnancy - causes increased abdominal pressure
Delayed gastric emptying
Hiatus Hernia - part of stomach passes above diaphragm
Incompetent LES - this is congenital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the Treatments for GERD?

A

Lifestyle modification
Drug Therapy
Surgery
Antacids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What lifestyle modifications can you make for GERD?

A

Sit in an upright position for 1 hour after eating
Avoid eating 2-3 hours prior to going to bed
Avoid tight clothing in abdominal area
Stop smoking
Achieve and maintain a healthy weight
Eat smaller meals with less fat and more fibre
Elevate head of bed 15-20cm when sleeping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What foods may need to be decreased or eliminated from the diet to treat GERD?

A

Less fatty foods - fat delays gastric emptying and this may also help with weight loss
Chocolate, Caffeine - not causative but may help with decreased LES pressure
Nicotine and alcohol - causitive
Spicy and acidic foods - NOT CAUSITIVE but my irritate esophageal mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What therapies besides nutrition therapy is used to treat GERD?

A

Drug Therapy:

Anti Secretory drugs that help to decrease gastric acid production. Examples include proton pump inhibitors, histamine H2 receptor antagonists

Motility agents that speed up gastric emptying

Surgery: tightening of LES

Antacids: to alleviate symptoms but will not change the disease process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are some potential causes of dysphagia?

A

Anatomical - structural abnormalities such as a cleft palate or surgery used to treat head and neck cancers

Physiological - radiation used to treat cancers

Neurological - stroke, cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy

Drug induced - sedation, ataxia, some anti depressants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the major warning signs of oral dysphagia?

A

Drooling, expectoration during/after swallowing
Slow rate of intake/chewing
Altered posturing of head/neck
food residue in mouth after eating
Coughing before swallowing
Alterations in voice quality - sound of a wet voice or aphonia (inability to vocalize)
Abnormal/absent laryngeal elevation
Unexplained weight loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Briefly outline the phases of the swallow:

A

Oral Phase - the bolus of the food travels to the back of the throat, the UES is still closed. Tongue is elevated from anterior to posterior to trigger the swallow. This phase is affected by surgical defects that may cause tongue weakness, neurological disability and cognitive statues/level of awareness.

Swallow/Pharyngeal phase - soft palate elevates (known as velar elevation) to close off nasopharynx and prevent nasopharyngeal regurgitation. Constrictor muscles contract (known as pharyngeal peristalsis) and the tongue base drives the bolus posteriorly.

Esophageal Phase - upper esophageal sphincter opens and then closes once bolus enters the esophagus where it is propelled through the esophagus through peristaltic contractions. The lower esophageal sphincter relaxes and the bolus moves into the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the three types of thickened fluids?

A

Nectar - mildly thick
Honey - moderately thick
Pudding - extremely thick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the main AHS texture modified Diets?

A

Pureed, Minced, Dysphagia Soft
Bonus - easy to chew

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Peptic Ulcer Disease?

A

Break in the mucosa an exposure to acid and pepsin - can occur in any area that is exposed to gastric acid and pepsin including the stomach, lower esophagus and duodenum

18
Q

What are PUD symptoms?

A

Acute abdo-pain usually accompanying intake of food and fluid

Distension
Melena Stools - stools are black due to old blood

Hematemesis - vomiting old or fresh blood

19
Q

What is the most common etiology of PUD?

A

H. Pylori - contaminated drinking water - secretes toxins that lead to inflammation, tissue damage and a break in the mucosa

20
Q

What are risk factors for PUD?

A

Poor nutrition
Smoking
Genetics
Alcoholism
Use of NSAIDs or Salicylates
H. Pylori

21
Q

What medications are used to treat PUD?

A

H2 Histamine receptor antagonists - decrease H2 secretion from parietal cells

Antacids - neutralize gastric acids by acting as a buffer

Antibiotics - effective against H. Pylori

22
Q

What diet recommendations can be made for treatment of PUD?

A

Avoid frequent meals/bedtime eating that promotes acid secretion

Limit foods that may increase Gastric acid secretion (caffeine, black pepper, garlic, cloves, chilis)

23
Q

What lifestyle recommendations can be made for PUD?

A

Stop smoking
Eliminate alcohol
Avoid aspirin and other NSAIDs

24
Q

What are signs and symptoms of dysphagia in infants and children?

A

Back Arching

breathing difficulties

decreased responsiveness when feeding

difficulty chewing food that are texturally appropriate for age, refusing foods of certain textures/types, loss of food/liquid from mouth when eating, crying or grimacing at mealtimes

Frequent congestion after meals, frequent respiratory illness, vomiting, choking, pharyngeal residue and nasopharyngeal reflux

25
Q

What is the hydration goal for adults with dysphagia?

A

1500 ml of total fluids as 1000ml thick fluids and 500ml high fluid foods through meals and snacks

Pediatric patients 2/3 of fluid is provided as thick fluids and remainder as high fluid foods

26
Q

What are strategies for managing hydration in dysphagia individuals?

A

Intake needs to be sufficient to meet requirements - can use water, milk, juice, pop, soup, tea, coffee, oral nutrition supplements and energy drinks. For infants, include breastmilk and infant formula.

A fluid can be food that melts at body temperature like ice cream and jell-o

27
Q

What is the free water protocol?

A

Allow some patients at risk of aspirating thin liquids to safely include thin water for improved hydration and comfort as well as quality of life

Free water is separated from meal times and provided in between meals - used to augment daily fluid intake

looks at safest means to deliver - via cup sips, teaspoon, ice chips or strict supervision

Good oral hygiene as a frame work

28
Q

What are the nutrients absorbed in the duodenum?

A

Divalent cations

29
Q

What are mixed consistency foods? Give examples?

A

Foods containing a thin fluid and solid foods together ex. canned fruit with juice, soup with pieces of veggies, noodles and meat, cold cereal with milk, water melon, cherry tomatoes (foods that release water when chewed)

30
Q

When would you use easy to chew diet?

A

Patients with difficulties chewing hard and or crunchy foods
patients with dentition concerns, missing teeth etc.
Jaw concerns, healing fractures to jaw

31
Q

What is a therapeutic feed?

A

Therapy/exercise for the swallow to strengthen it again
Small amount of foods or fluid given 1-3 times a day to help with strengthening the swallow - done under supervision with SLP who determines the safest consistency and fluid level

32
Q

What should be assessed when doing a swallowing assessment?

A

assess weight loss
review medications
changes in appetite
hydration concerns
What the patient is eating/avoiding
independent or dependent for feeding?

33
Q

What factors does the severity of short bowel syndrome depend on?

A

Amount of bowel resected
site of removal
whether or not the ileocecal valve has been resected or is still in place
condition of the remaining bowel

34
Q

Why are thickened fluids a concern for dysphagia patients?

A

Hydration can be a problem as free fluid content of thickened fluids can be significantly reduced

35
Q

Describe the pureed diet and who it would be good for.

A

Patients with, sore or dry mouth, strictures, mucositis, esophagitis, poor or absent dentition.

Foods must be pureed to the texture of a pudding or mousse, moist, smooth, cohesive siwth small consistent sized particles (roughly applesauce consistency) and no water separation.
Includes pureed bread products, no mixed consistency modifications.

36
Q

Describe the Minced diet and who it would be good for.

A

Patients with sore or dry mouth and limited dentition.

Diet of minced foods that require little chewing, are moist and coheseive and have the texture of a pudding or mousse. May eat food sthat are finely chopped, grated, ground or mashed to a size that is less than 1/2 cm. Some foods can be eaten whole such as soft, moist bread, buttereed toast, or soft sandwhiches with minced fillings.

Exclude dry or chewy breads such as english muffins or bagels.

37
Q

Describe the Dysphagia soft diet and who it would be good for.

A

Patients with limited dentition ex. poorly fitting dentures, missing teeth, children going through tooth development.

Soft moist foods served with a sauce or gravy. Foods can be mashed by a patient using a fork in one hand. Firm foods are diced to 1 cm cubed or less.

Exclusde dry, crumbly, sticky, gummy foods (raw veggies, whole or chopped nuts, hard large seeds, dried fruits) etc.
DOES NOT INCLUDE NO MIXED CONSISTENCIES MODIFICATION

38
Q

Characterize PUD in the different locations it can occur

A

Esophageal: rare, may occur with chronic untreated reflux
Gastric - a defective mucosal lining due to decreased mucosal bood flow, generally caused by poor nutrition
Duodenal - hypersecretion of acid in stomach that leads to overly acidic chyme

39
Q

What are some fluids that are considered Thin fluids?

A

Fluids that melt in the mouth or at body temperature such as ice cream, Jello, Smoothies, popsicles - these cannot be thickened

40
Q

What is eating at risk?

A

When the patient does not want to follow the recommendations of the feed swallow team and has been given all the risks of choosing to eat orally, does so knowingly.

468 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions