GI defects

Question 1

Cause: It occurs when the tracheoesophageal septum deviates to far dorsally, causing the esophagus to end as a closed tube.

Presentation: About 33% of patients with ____ also have other congenital defects associated with the VATER or VACTERL syndromes.

VATER= Vertebral defects, Anal atresia, TracheoEsophageal fistula, and Renal defects

VACTERL= Vertebral defects, Anal atresia, Cardiovascular (CV) defects, TracheoEsophageal fistula, Renal defects, and upper Limb defects.

It is associated with polyhydramnios, since the fetus is unable to swallow amniotic fluid

It’s associated with tracheoesophageal fistula.

What is the disorder?

Answer 1

Esophageal atresia

Question 2

Cause: It occurs when the lumen of the esophagus is narrowed and usually involves the midesophagus. The stenosis may be caused by submucosal/muscularis externa hypertrophy, remnants of the tracheal cartilaginous ring w/in the wall of the esophagus, or a membranous diaphragm obstructing the lumen probably due to incomplete recanalization.

Presentation:

Aspiration

Frequent pneumonia

Dysphagia

What is the disorder?

Answer 2

Esophageal stenosis

Question 3

Cause: It occurs most commonly due to a congenital esophageal cyst. In 60% of cases the congenital esophageal cyst is found in the lower esophagus. where they protrude into the post. mediastinum or w/in the wall of the esophagus.

What is the disorder?

Answer 3

Esophageal duplication cysts

Question 4

Cause: it occurs due to abnormal origin of the rt. subclavian a. due to developmental anomalies of the aortic arches. The anomalous rt. subclavian a. passes from the aortic arch behind the esophagus and may cause dysphagia (dysphagia lusoria). The barium esophagram in the same pt. reveals an oblique compression of the esophagus due to the anomalous rt. subclavian a.

What is the disorder?

Answer 4

Vascular compression of the esophagus

Question 5

Cause: It occurs due to the loss of ganglion cells in the myenteric plexus (Auerbach plexus) and is characterized by the failure to relax the lower esophageal sphincter, which causes progressive dysphagia and difficulty in swallowing. The barium esophagram of the distal esophagus shows a long narrowed segment of the secondary to muscular hypertrophy in long standing achalasia.

What is the disorder?

Answer 5

Achalasia

Question 6

Cause: It occurs when the muscularis externa in the pyloric region hypertrophies and forms a small palpable mass (Olive), causing a narrow pyloric lumen that obstructs food passage. It’s associated clinically with projectile, nonbilious vomiting after feeding and a small, palpable, mass at the right costal margin. Increased incidence has been found in infants treated with erythromycin. Erythromycin is a macrolide, it contains a lactone ring with deoxy sugars. Erythromycin is prescribed to treat mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionnaire’s disease, and STIS like chlamydia and syphilis. Erythromycin inhibits translocation in proks. The barium contrast radiograph shows the long, narrow, double channel of the pylorus.

What is the disorder?

Answer 6

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

Question 7

Developmental anomalies of the gall bladder. The most common is septated gall bladder.

Answer 7