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2a Pharmacology > GI and Liver > Flashcards

GI and Liver Flashcards

1
Q

Alginates/Antacids

2 examples

A
  1. Gaviscon

2. Peptac

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2
Q

Alginates

Mechanism of action

A
  • Alginates increase the viscosity of the stomach contents, which reduces reflux - form a ‘floating raft’
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3
Q

Antacids

Mechanism of action

A
  • Antacids buffer stomach acid

e. g. sodium bicarbonate, magnesium, aluminium salts

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4
Q

Alginates/Antacids

Uses

A
  • GORD

- Dyspepsia

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5
Q

Alginates/Antacids

Side effects

A
  • Compound alginates cause few side effects
  • Mg salts - diarrhoea
  • Al salts - constipation
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6
Q

Alginates/Antacids

Contraindications

A
  • Well tolerated and safe in pregnancy

- Careful if they contain sodium or potassium

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7
Q

Alginates/Antacids

Interactions

A
  • Increase alkalinity of urine so increase excretion of aspirin and lithium
  • Reduce serum concentrations of ACE-I’s, antibiotics, digoxin, levothyroxine, PPI’s
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8
Q

Aminosalicylates

2 examples

A
  1. Mesalazine = 1st line for UC

2. Sulfasalazine = alternative

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9
Q

Aminosalicylates

Mechanism of action

A
  • Release 5-aminosalicyclic acid (5-ASA)

- Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects

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10
Q

Aminosalicylates

Uses

A
  • UC

- Rheumatoid arthritis (Sulfasalazine = DMARD)

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11
Q

Aminosalicylates

Side effects

A
  • GI upset
  • Diarrhoea
  • Headache
  • Sulfasalazine -> oligospermia (reduction in sperm)
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12
Q

Aminosalicylates

Contraindications

A

Aspirin hypersensitivity

Both are Salicytates

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13
Q

Aminosalicylates

Interactions

A

Have a pH sensitive coating, so broken down differently with drugs that alter gastric pH, e.g. PPI’s, lactulose

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14
Q

Iron

2 examples

A
  1. Ferrous fumarate

2. Ferrous Sulphate

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15
Q

Iron

Mechanism of action

A
  • Replenishes iron stores - for Haem synthesis in Hb
  • Bets absorbed in ferrous state in jejunum and duodenum
  • Transported as transferrin and stored as ferritin in liver, BM, spleen, muscle
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16
Q

Iron

Uses

A
  • Iron deficiency anaemia

- Prophylaxis of IDA - in patients with RF - mennorhagia, malabsorption, gastrectomy

17
Q

Iron

Side effects

A
  • GI upset
  • Black stool
  • If IV - injection site irritation
18
Q

Iron

Contraindications

A

May exacerbate bowel syndromes in patients with IBD/strictures

19
Q

Iron

Interactions

A

Affects absorption of Levothyroxine and bisphosphonates - take these 2 hours before

20
Q

Anti-motility drugs

2 examples

A
  1. Loperamide

2. Codeine phosphate

21
Q

Anti-motility drugs

MofA

A
  • Agonist of opioid receptors in GI tract, increasing non-propulsive contractions of the gut SM but reducing peristalsis
  • Slows down bowel contents (allowing more time for water re absorption –> hardening stools) and increases anal sphincter tone
  • Loperamide = opioid, but does not penetrate CNS so no analgesic effect
22
Q

Anti-motility drugs

Uses

A
  • Diarrhoea (usually IBS or gastroenteritis)
23
Q

Anti-motility drugs

Side effects

A
  • Abdo pain
  • Flatulence
  • Constipation
  • Opioid toxicity/dependence if CP
24
Q

Anti-motility drugs

Contraindications

A

Avoid in UC and C.diff colitis

25
Q

Anti-motility drugs

Interactions

A

None

26
Q

Anti emetics examples

A

D2 receptor antagonists:

  • Metoclopramide
  • Domperidone

Phenothiazines:

  • Prochlorperazine
  • Chlorpromazine

H1 receptor antagonists:
- Cyclizine

27
Q

Osmotic laxatives

2 examples

A
  • Lactulose

- Macrogol

28
Q

Bulk-forming laxatives

2 examples

A
  • Ispaghula husk

- Methylcellulose

29
Q

Give two examples of nucleotide analogues and what these are used to treat?

A

Used to treat hepatitis

  1. Interferon-alpha2a
  2. Adefovir
30
Q

Give an example of an immunomodulatory drug that’s used in treatment of hepatitis

A

SC PEGylated interferon 2A

31
Q

What does DAA stand for, and give two examples

A

DAA = Direct acting antivirals

  1. Ledipasvir
  2. Sofosbuvir

2a Pharmacology (9 decks)

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