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Year 1 Anatomy > GI Anatomy > Flashcards

GI Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name for the ligament that makes up the free edge of the lesser omentum?

A

Hepatoduodenal ligament

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2
Q

What structures run in the free edge of the lesser omentum and what is there collective name?

A

Portal triad

1) Hepatic artery
2) Bile duct
3) Portal vein (always most posterior)

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3
Q

At what level is the inferior mesenteric artery given off from the abdominal aorta?

A

L3

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4
Q

What are the 3 branches from the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

1) Left colic artery
2) Sigmoidal artery
3) Superior rectal artery

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5
Q

What 2 sturctures unite to form the bile duct and where do they come from?

A

Hepatic duct (liver) and cystic duct (gall bladder)

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6
Q

How many functional segments does the liver have?

A

8

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7
Q

How many anatomical segments does the liver have and what are there names?

A

1) Right (biggest)
2) Left (smaller)
3) Caudate (next to IVC)
4) Quadrate (next to gall bladder)

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8
Q

What vessels come together to form the portal vein?

A

Inferior mesenteric vein drains into the splenic vein which then unites with the superior mesenteric vein to form the portal vein

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9
Q

How does the stomach drain into the portal vein?

A

Via small gastric veins

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10
Q

Which vessel runs posterior to the pancreas?

A

Splenic vein

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11
Q

What is the falciform ligament of the liver?

A

Remnant of the ventral mesentery which runs from the anterior surface of the liver towards the diaphragm

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12
Q

What structures is contained within the falciform ligament?

A

Ligamentum teres, remnant of the umbilical vein

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13
Q

What is the ligamentum venosus and where is it found?

A

Remnant of the ductus venosus found on posterior surface of the liver

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14
Q

On the posterior surface of the liver what is found between the quadrate and caudate lobe and what does it contain?

A

Porta Hepatis contains the 3 structures of the portal triad

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15
Q

What is the blood supply to and from the functional segments of the liver?

A

Arterial supply: each receives a branch from either the left or right branch of the hepatic artery proper
Venous drainage: drain via hepatic venules into the hepatic vein which drains into the IVC

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16
Q

What is the coronary ligament?

A

Where the visceral peritoneum of the liver is reflected towards the diaphragm, the 2 layers are separated and have a posterior and anterior layers of coronary ligament.

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17
Q

Where the anterior and posterior layers of the coronary ligament unite what do they form and what does this do?

A

They unite and extend towards the diaphragm to form the right and left coronary ligaments which suspend the liver from the diaphragm.

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18
Q

What is the bare area of the liver and where is it?

A

On the superior area of the liver, where there is no peritoneum and the liver is position tightly next to the liver, this area is enclosed by the coronary ligament

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19
Q

Where does the gall bladder sit in the liver?

A

In the gall bladder fossa

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20
Q

What are the 3 parts of the gall bladder?

A

Fundus, body and neck

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21
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

Thin flat sheet of tendinous tissue which covers a muscle or by which flat muscles are attached to bone

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22
Q

What is the nerve supply to the skin and muscle of the anterior abdominal wall?

A

Skin, muscles and parietal peritoneum supplied by anterior rami of T7-T12 and L1 spinal nerves

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23
Q

What are the functions of the anterior abdominal wall muscles?

A

1) Movement
2) Increasing intra abdominal pressure - defecation, parturition (childbirth), micturation (urination)
3) Forced and quiet respiration
4) Maintain position of viscera, protect and form wall for abdominal cavity
5) support spine and maintain posture

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24
Q

Which dermatome lies at the level of the xiphisternum?

A

T7

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25
Q

Which dermatome lies at the level of the umbilicus?

A

T10

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26
Q

Which dermatome lies at the level of the pubic tubercle?

A

L1

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27
Q

Which dermatome lies at the level of the pubic tubercle?

A

L1

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28
Q

What is Scarpa’s fascia?

A

Membranous layer of superficial fascia, lies superficial to the aponeurosis of the external oblique but deep to Camper’s fascia

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29
Q

What is Camper’s fascia?

A

Fatty layer of superficial fascia - subcutaneous tissue, lies deep t the skin but superficial to Scarpa’s fascia

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30
Q

Where does the inguinal ligament run from and what is it formed from?

A

ASIS to pubic tubercle, formed from the thickened free edge of the external oblique aponeurosis

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31
Q

What is colle’s fascia and what is it continuous with superiorly?

A

Its the superficial perineal fascia which is continuous with Camper’s fascia superiorly

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32
Q

In which direction do the fibres of the external oblique muscle and aponeurosis fun?

A

Anteroinferiorly, forwards and downwards

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33
Q

What is the rectus sheath?

A

Formed from the aponeurosis of the external and internal oblique and transversus abdominis uniting and surrounds the rectus abdominis

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34
Q

What is the superficial inguinal ring?

A

a triangular gap in the aponeurosis through which the spermatic cord or round ligament of the uterus passes - it is not an actual hole in the external oblique aponeurosis

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35
Q

What component of the spermatic cord is formed by the aponeurosis of the external oblique?

A

The external spermatic fascia (covering of testes and spermatic cord)

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36
Q

What is the linea alba?

A

entwining of apoeurosis in the midline which extends from xiphoid process to pubic symphysis

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37
Q

What are the attachments of the external oblique muscle?

A

Lateral aspects of ribs 5-12, free posterior forms the inguinal ligament

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38
Q

In which direction do the fibres of the internal oblique muscle run?

A

posteroinferiorly, backwards and downwards

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39
Q

How do the fibres of the internal oblique muscle relate to the inguinal ligament?

A

Run from the lateral 2/3 of the inguinal ligament, medially fibres of the internal oblique pass over inguinal canal to form the roof and attach to pubic tubercle to form posterior wall of medial portion of the inguinal canal

40
Q

In which direction do the fibres of the transverses abdominis run?

A

Transversely across abdominal wall

41
Q

Which nerves run anteroinferiorly on the transverses abdominis muscle?

A

T9 to L1

42
Q

How do the fibres of the transverses abdominis relate to the inguinal ligament?

A

Originate from the lateral 1/3

43
Q

What and where is the transversalis fascia?

A

layer between the transverses abdominis and parietal peritoneum, lines abdominal cavity, forms posterior wall of inguinal canal

44
Q

What is the function of rectus abdominis?

A

Compress abdominal contents, flex vertebral column, tense abdominal wall

45
Q

What are where is the conjoint tendon?

A

Formed from the fusion of fibres of the internal oblique and transverses abdominis that run posterior to the medial 1/3 of the inguinal canal to reinforce the weakness that is the superficial inguinal ring

46
Q

What is the arrangement of the rectus sheath above the umbilicus?

A

External oblique aponeurosis - anterior to rectus abdominis
Internal oblique aponeurosis - has an anterior leaflet and a posterior leaflet
Transversus abdominis aponeurosis - posterior to rectus abdominis

47
Q

What is the arrangement of the rectus sheath below the umbilicus?

A

External oblique, internal oblique and transverses abdominis aponeurosis all anterior to rectus abdominis

48
Q

What is the linea semilunaris?

A

The slight groove in the external abdominal wall which is parallel to the lateral edge of the rectus sheath

49
Q

What is the arcuate line?

A

Arch of fibres which marks the point of transition at which all of the aponeurosis move anterior to the rectus abdominis muscle

50
Q

what is the deep inguinal ring?

A

A defect in the transversals fascia bounded lateral by the most medial fibres of transverses abdominis

51
Q

what happens to the testes and ductus deferans as they push there way through the anterior abdominal wall?

A

They acquire a succession of coverings from the layers of the anterior abdominal wall

52
Q

what are the coverings of the spermatic cord and which layers of the anterior abdominal wall do they originate from?

A

1) testes covered by tunic vaginalis
Coverings of the spermatic cord:
1) Internal spermatic fascia - arises from transversals fascia
2) Cremasteric fascia - arises from the internal oblique
3) External spermatic fascia -

53
Q

what are the coverings of the spermatic cord and which layers of the anterior abdominal wall do they originate from?

A

1) testes covered by tunic vaginalis
Coverings of the spermatic cord:
1) Internal spermatic fascia - arises from transversals fascia
2) Cremasteric fascia - arises from the internal oblique aponeurosis
3) External spermatic fascia - arises from the external oblique aponeurosis

54
Q

From what is the tunica vaginalis derived? How?

A

A pouch of serous membrane covering the testes and derived from the peritoneum - forms as an out pouching of developing perineum and becomes separated off during development

55
Q

What is the cremasteric reflex?

A

A drawing up of the scrotum and testes in response to scratching of the skin over scarpa’s triangle or on the inner side of the thigh on the same side of the body

56
Q

In addition to the ductus deferans, what other structures fun in the spermatic chord?

A

1) Arteries (to ductus deferans, cremasteric, testicular)
2) Veins (cremasteric, testicular)
3) Nerves (Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve, Visceral afferent fibres)
4) Lymphatics

57
Q

Where is the deep inguinal ring located? What lies in its medial and lateral borders?

A

Beginning of the inguinal canal, point midway between the ASIS and pubic symphysis, above inguinal ligament and immediately lateral to inferior epigastric vessels

58
Q

What are the boundaries of the superficial inguinal ring?

A

Triangular opening in the aponeurosis of external oblique muscle with its base formed by the pubic crest

59
Q

What is the approximate length of the inguinal canal

A

4cm

60
Q

What forms the anterior wall of inguinal canal?

A

1) Aponeurosis of external oblique muscle

2) Aponeurosis of the internal oblique (laterally)

61
Q

What forms the posterior wall of the inguinal ligament?

A

1) Transversalis facia (entire length)

2) Conjoint tendon (medially)

62
Q

What forms the roof of the inguinal canal?

A

1) Arching fibres of the internal oblique and transversals abdominis aponeurosis

63
Q

What forms the floor of the inguinal canal?

A

1) Medial half of inguinal ligament (thickened free edge of external oblique aponeurosis

64
Q

Which nerve enters the inguinal canal through the deep inguinal rung?

A

Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve

65
Q

How does the iliolingual nerve enter the inguinal canal?

A

From L1, its a branch of the lumbar plexus, enters the abdominal wall from the posterior side, piercing the internal surface of the transversalis abdominis then the internal oblique, as it continues inferiomedially it enters the inguinal canal and exits through the superficial inguinal ring

66
Q

What is a hernia?

A

A bulge or protrusion of an organ through the structure or muscle that usually contains it

67
Q

What is the difference between a direct and indirect inguinal hernia?

A

1) Direct - peritoneal sac enters through the posterior wall of inguinal canal
2) Indirect - peritoneal sac enters through the deep inguinal ring

68
Q

Why is an indirect inguinal hernia sometimes referred to as congenital in origin?

A

It occurs because part or all of the embryonic processus vaginalis remains patent

69
Q

Why is a direct hernia sometimes referred to as being aquired?

A

Because it occurs when abdominal musculature has been weakened, commonly seen in mature men

70
Q

What is meant by a reducible hernia?

A

Reducible hernia is a hernia with a bulge that can be flattened out by lying down or by gently pushing against it

71
Q

What is the difference between a physiological and anatomical sphincterʔ

A

Physiological sphincterː ɴo thickening of muscle but functions as a physiological sphincter - cardiac/lower oesophageal sphincter
Anatomical sphincterː Marked thickening of muscle in the circular layer of the muscularis externa

72
Q

What are the 3 main branches of the coeliac trunkʔ

A

1) Splenic artery
2) ʟeft gastric artery
3) ʜepatic artery proper

73
Q

What is the main blood supply to the stomachʔ

A

1) ʟeft gastric artery from the coeliac trunk with anastamoses with the right gastric artery from the hepatic artery proper, these supply the lesser curvuture
2) ʟeft gastro-omental from the splenic artery which anatamoses with the right gastro omental artery from the gastroduodenal (from the hepatic artery proper) , these supply the greater curvature
3) Short gastric arteries from the splenic artery

74
Q

how does the ceoliac trunk give rise to a part of the blood supply to the oesophagusʔ

A

ʜave an oesophageal branch from the left gastric artery

75
Q

ʜow does the coeliac trunk give rise to part of the blood supply to the pancreas and duodenumʔ

A

ʜepatic artery proper gives rise to a gastro duodenal branch which gives rise to a supra duodenal branch and a superior pancreaticoduodenal branch

76
Q

What is a sigmoid volvulus and what symptoms can it causeʔ

A

Twisting of the sigmoid colon leading to obstruction
Can cause symptoms ofː
Constipation, ischaemia, necrosis, infection and rupture

77
Q

ʜow is the liver anchored in positionʔ

A

1) ʜepatic veins anchor liver
2) Pressure of abdominal organs
3) Coronary and triangular ligaments

78
Q

Where do hepatic veins receive blood from and where do they drain toʔ

A

Blood from central hepatic venules in liver lobules, and then drain into the ɪVC

79
Q

At the level of what organ does the transverse mesocolon leave the posterior abdominal wall?

A

At the level of the pancreas

80
Q

What vessel runs (slightly posterior) on the superior border of the pancreas?

A

Splenic artery

81
Q

What vessel runs (slightly posterior) on the inferior border of the pancreas

A

Splenic vein

82
Q

What is the tail of the pancreas embedded within?

A

The hilum of the spleen

83
Q

What vessels does the neck of the pancreas lie anterior to?

A

Hepatic portal vein and superior mesenteric artery

84
Q

What does the dilated head of the pancreas lie within?

A

The C shaped duodenum

85
Q

What are the 4 parts of the duodenum?

A

1) superior part (runs to the right and upwards slightly)
2) Descending part (runs inferiorly)
3) Horizontal part (passing to the left underneath the superior mesenteric artery and vein)
4) Ascending part (slightly comes upwards and continuous with the jejenum at the duodenojejunal flexure)

86
Q

What is the hepatocopancreatic ampulla?

A

Dilated part of the bile duct towards which the main pancreatic duct also runs

87
Q

What is the hepatocopancreatic sphincter/sphincter of oddi?

A

Ampulla is surrounded by the sphincter (thickened ring of muscle)

88
Q

Which part of the duodenum is the duodenal papilla located?

A

The second (descending) part

89
Q

What blood vessels lie anterior to the uncinate process of the pancreas?

A

Superior mesenteric artery and vein

90
Q

Which rib runs within the axis of the spleen?

A

Rib 10

91
Q

What are the peritoneal attachments of the spleen?

A

1) gastrosplenic ligament - between stomach and spleen
2) after running of the spleen the ligament becomes the leinorenal ligament - spleen to posterior abdominal wall/ left kidney

92
Q

The gastrosplenic and leinorenal ligament are remnants of what?

A

the dorsal mesentery

93
Q

What do the blood vessels and the tail of the pancreas run towards the spleen within?

A

The leinorenal ligament

94
Q

What does the anterior border of the spleen separate?

A

The smooth supralateral surface of the spleen which lies against the left hemi diaphragm and the roughened visceral surface/hilum

95
Q

What typicaly characterises the anterior border of the spleen?

A

Series of indentations

96
Q

What are the 3 areas on the visceral surface of the spleen?

A

1) the gastric area where the stomach pushes against it (anterior to hilum)
2) the renal area where the superior pole of the left kidney pushes against it (posterior to the hilum)
3) Colic area, where the splenic flexure is

Year 1 Anatomy (13 decks)

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