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Medicine Phase 2A (OWN) > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

Define Chron’s disease

A

Inflammation and tissue destruction anywhere along the GI tract

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2
Q

Which pathogens can trigger Chron’s disease?

A

Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
Pseudomonas
Listeria

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3
Q

How can genetics increase the risk of Chron’s disease?

A

Gene mutations in NOD2 gene cause a dysfunctional step causing unregulated inflammation

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4
Q

In Chron’s disease, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha stimulate macrophages to produce what 3 things?

A

Free radicals
Proteases
Platelet-activating factor

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5
Q

How would you describe which parts of the GI tract Chron’s disease affects?

A

Whole GI tract
Patchy inflammation
Transmural

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6
Q

What is most commonly affected in Chron’s?

A

Ileum and colon

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7
Q

Give 3 symptoms of Chron’s

A

R lower quadrant pain
Diarrhoea and blood in stool
Malabsorption

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8
Q

How would you treat Chron’s?

A

Anti-inflammatories
Abx
Immunosuppressants

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9
Q

What is the most common type of IBD?

A

Ulcerative colitis

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10
Q

Define ulcerative colitis

A

Inflammatory disease forming ulcers along the lumen of the colon and rectum

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11
Q

Which layers of the intestinal wall are affected with ulcerative colitis?

A

Mucosa and submucosa only

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12
Q

Give the two main causes of UC

A

Autoimmune

Stress/ diet

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13
Q

Name the antibody responsible for attacking the body’s neutrophils in UC

A

P-ANCA

Perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody

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14
Q

Which groups have a genetic predisposition to UC?

A

People with a family history
Young women
Caucasians
Eastern european jews

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15
Q

Describe the pattern of inflammation in UC

A

Circumferential and continuous

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16
Q

Give 2 main symptoms of UC

A

Pain in lower L quadrant

Sever and frequent diarrhoea (with blood)

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17
Q

How might you treat UC?

A

Anti-inflammatory drugs- sulfasalazine, mesalamine
Immunosuppressant drugs- corticosteroids, azathioprine, cyclosporine
Colectomy
(Increasingly severe)

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18
Q

Describe IBS

A

Recurrent abdominal pain and abnormal bowel motility

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19
Q

What is visceral hypersensitivity in the context of IBS?

A

Sensory nerve endings have an abnormally strong response to stimuli (stretching)

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20
Q

Which short chain-carbohydrates can trigger IBS symptoms and why?

A

Lactose and fructose as they are metabolised by GI flora, producing gas, causing pain/ cramps

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21
Q

Give 2 key risk factors of IBS

A

Gastroenteritis- Norovirus/ Rotavirus

Stress

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22
Q

How would you treat IBS?

A

Diet modification- Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides and Polyols (FODMAP diet)
For constipation- stool softeners, soluble finer, osmotic laxatives
For spasms/ pain- anti-diarrhoeals, anti-muscarinic
Manage stress, anxiety, depression

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23
Q

Which component of gluten binds to secretory IgA in coeliac disease?

A

Gliadin

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24
Q

How is gliadin transcytosed across the cell, into the lamina propria?

A

By binding to transferrin receptor

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25
Q

Which amide is used in the conversion of gliadin to deamidated gliadin?

A

Tissue transglutaminase

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26
Q

How is deamidated gliadin presented to T-helper CD4+ cells?

A

Engulfed by macrophage and presented by MHC II

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27
Q

How do T helper CD4+ cells respond to the presentation of deamidated gliadin?

A

Release inflammatory cytokines: IF-gamma and TNF
B cells produce: Anti-gliadin, anti-tTG and anti-endomysial
Recruitment of killer CD8+ T cells

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28
Q

What damage occurs in the duodenum with coeliac disease?

A

Flattened villi- villus atrophy
Crypt hyperplasia
Lymphocyte infiltration

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29
Q

Give 3 symptoms of coeliac disease in children

A

Abdominal distension
Failure to thrive
Diarrhoea

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30
Q

Give 3 symptoms of coeliac disease in adults

A

Chronic diarrhoea
Bloating
Symptoms vary

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31
Q

How can dermatitis herpetiformis occur as a result of coeliac disease?

A

Circulating IgA bind to transglutaminase in the dermal papillae
Neutrophils start an inflammatory reaction causing a rash

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32
Q

What are the increased risks of refractory disease in coeliac disease?

A

Small bowel cancer
T-cell lymphoma
Due to chronic inflammation and immune activation

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33
Q

Describe GORD

A

Transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations

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34
Q

Give 5 risk factors of GORD

A 
Weight gain
Fatty foods
Caffeine 
Alcohol/ smoking
Medications
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35
Q

Give 4 symptoms of GORD

A 
Heartburn
Cough
Hoarseness
Dysphagia 
Odynophagia
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36
Q

How may you diagnose GORD?

A

Often clinical based
Endoscopy
pH testing

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37
Q

Give a key complication of GORD

A

Barrett’s oesophagus which is a metaplasia of squamous to columnar epithelium
This can progress to cancer

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38
Q

Give 3 lifestyle modifications in the treatment of GORD

A

Elevated head of the bed
Diet modification
No coffee, alcohol, fats, smoking

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39
Q

Give 2 types of medications used to treat GORD

A

PPI

H2 blockers

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40
Q

What is the most common type of colorectal polyp?

A

Adenomatous polyps

From with a mutation in the APC gene

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41
Q

How may an adenomatous polyp become malignant?

A

If there is a mutation in another tumour suppressor gene e.g. K-ras and p53

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42
Q

What is familial adenomatous polyposis syndrome and what precaution may be taken?

A

Mutation in APC gene: many polyps

Often colon is removed to prevent malignancy

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43
Q

What type of adenomatous polyps most often progress to malignancy?

A

Sessile, villous polyps

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44
Q

Give 3 types of colonic polyps

A

Adenomatous
Serrated polyps
Inflammatory polyps

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45
Q

How do serrated polyps form?

A

DNA repair genes are silenced

Errors during DNA transcription do not get fixed, causing more mutations

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46
Q

Why do inflammatory polyps form?

A

Following bouts of IBD

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47
Q

Give 3 risk factors for developing colonic polyps

A

More cell divisions
Genetic conditions
Injury to the bowel wall- cigarette smoke, IBD, old age

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48
Q

What symptoms can occur as a result of polyps?

A

If they ulcerate and bleed: anaemia

If large: can cause abdominal pain/ constipation

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49
Q

How would you diagnose colonic polyps?

A

Biopsy, may do a loop cauterisation

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50
Q

Which section of the oesophagus would you see an increased incidence of cancer?

A

Lower 1/3 and gastro-oesophageal junction

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51
Q

Give 4 causes of oesophageal cancer

A

Barret’s oesophagus
Smoking
GO reflux
Drinking alcohol

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52
Q

Which investigations would you carry out for suspected oesophageal cancer?

A

Endoscopy
CT
PET scan
Endoscopic US

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53
Q

How would you treat oesophageal cancer?

A

2/3 cycles of chemotherapy

Surgery

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54
Q

Give 5 risk factors of gastric cancer

A 
H. Pylori infection
Male
High salt and processed food diet
Smoking
FHx
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55
Q

Which investigation would you carry out for suspected gastric cancer?

A

Loproscopy

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56
Q

Why is the prognosis for gastric cancer often poor?

A

Often a late diagnosis

Few curative resections

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57
Q

How would you treat a tumour of the distal stomach?

A

Remove if stenosis/ bleeding

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58
Q

How would you treat a tumour of the proximal stomach?

A

Remove entire stomach- need vitamin B12 injections

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59
Q

Why can atelectasis occur in gastric cancer?

A

Alveoli collapses as the patient doesn’t breathe using the diaphragm because it causes pain

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60
Q

What are the most common sites of colorectal cancer?

A

Rectum, sigmoid and ascending colon

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61
Q

Give 3 risk factors of colorectal cancer

A

Diet high in red meat and fibre
Alcohol
Smoking

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62
Q

Give 4 conditions which predispose you to colorectal cancer

A

Neoplastic polyps
UC
Chron’s
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer

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63
Q

How might L-sided bowel and sigmoid cancer present?

A

Change in bowel habit: diarrhoea/ constipation, thin stool, blood in stool

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64
Q

How might rectal cancer present?

A

PR bleeding, mucus, tenesmus (continuous inclination to empty the bowels), mass in PR

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65
Q

How might right sided bowel cancer present?

A

Weight loss
Anaemia
Mass

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66
Q

Which imaging investigations might you carry out in suspected colorectal cancer?

A

Liver US
CT/MRI
Barium enema- XR colon
Sigmoidoscopy/ colonoscopy

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67
Q

Which non-imaging investigations might you carry out in suspected colorectal cancer?

A

FBC: anaemia

Faecal occult blood test: blood in stool

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68
Q

Describe Dukes staging for colorectal cancer

A 
A= confined to bowel wall
B= Extended through bowel wall
C= Involvement of regional lymph nodes
D= Metastases
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69
Q

What pre-operative treatment would you give for colorectal cancer?

A

Abx prophylaxis

DVT/ PE prophylaxis- LMW heparin

70
Q

What post-operative treatment would you give for Dukes C colorectal cancer?

A

Adjuvant chemotherapy

71
Q

Name and describe the function of the first 3 layers of the stomach

A

Epithelial layer- absorbs and secretes mucus and digestive enzymes
Lamina propria- contains blood and lymph vessels
Muscularis mucosa- smooth muscle contracts and breaks down food

72
Q

What are the main cells found in the cardia of the stomach?

A

Foveolar cells secreting mucus (water and glycoproteins)

73
Q

What are the main cells found in the fundus and body of the stomach?

A

Parietal cells: secrete HCl

Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen

74
Q

What are the main cells found in the antrum of the stomach?

A

G cells: secrete gastrin in response to food entering the stomach

75
Q

What is the purpose of gastrin secretion?

A

Stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl

This stimulates growth of glands in the epithelial layer

76
Q

What is the function of Brunner glands and where are they found?

A

Secrete mucous rich in bicarbonate ions into the lumen of the duodenum
Stomach and duodenal mucosa would get digested if not for mucous and bicarbonate ions which neutralise acid

77
Q

How do prostagladins protect the stomach and duodenal mucosa?

A

Stimulate mucous and bicarbonate

Vasodilate nearby blood vessels so there is more blood flowing to the stomach bringing in more bicarbonate

78
Q

Describe and explain 3 causes of peptic ulcers

A

H.pylori bacteria: Gram -ve, colonise in gastric mucosa, proteases damage mucosal cells
NSAIDs: Inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) which is an enzyme important in the synthesis of inflammatory prostagladins, leaves the mucosa susceptible to damage
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: Gastrinoma- secretes abnormal amounts of gastrin, parietal cels release excess HCl

79
Q

Where is the most common site for the formation of a gastric ulcer?

A

Lessure curvature of the antrum

80
Q

Where is the most common site for the formation of a duodenal ulcer?

A

Right after the pyloric sphincter

81
Q

Why might you see Brunner gland hypertrophy in peptic ulcer disease?

A

Duodenal ulcer, so glands hypertrophy to produce more mucous and protect the damaged area

82
Q

What is the major complication with a deep peptic ulcer?

A

Haemorrhage into the GI tract leading to rapid blood loss and shock

83
Q

Which two arteries are at highest risk of haemorrhaging and bleeding into the GI tract as a result of a peptic ulcer?

A

L gastric artery

Gastroduodenal artery

84
Q

Describe and explain the consequences of peptic ulcer perforation

A

Gastrointestinal contents can enter the peritoneal space which is usually sterile
Air can collect under the diaphragm, irritating the phrenic nerve and causing referred pain to the shoulder

85
Q

Give a key complication of long-standing duodenal ulcers near the pyloric sphincter

A

So much oedema and scarring that the passage of gastric contents into the intestine is obstructed, this causes nausea and vomiting

86
Q

Give 4 symptoms of a peptic ulcer

A

Epigastric pain: aching/ burning
Bloating
Belching
Vomiting

87
Q

How might you differentiate between a gastric and duodenal ulcer?

A

Gastric ulcer pain increases while eating

Duodenal ulcer pain lessens while eating

88
Q

How would you diagnose a peptic ulcer?

A

Upper endoscopy into stomach and proximal duodenum

Biopsy is done to look for malignant cells or sign of a H.pylori infection

89
Q

How would you treat peptic ulcer disease?

A

If H.pylori: combination of Abx and acid lowering medications (PPIs)
Stop using NSAIDs, alcohol, tobacco and caffeine

90
Q

Give the most common cause of appendicitis

A

Obstruction:
Fecalith
Undigested seeds
Lymphoid hyperplasia

91
Q

How does the obstruction of the appendix lead to abdominal pain?

A

Despite the obstruction the appendix continues to secrete mucous which builds up and increases the pressure
This acts on abdominal nerve fibres causing abdominal pain

92
Q

What are the consequences of the trapping of gut flora and bacteria in the appendix?

A

E.coli and bacteroides fragillis are free to multiply and so immune cells are recruited and pus accumulates, therefore there is an increase in WBC serum count

93
Q

Give 4 symptoms of appendicitis

A

Nausea
Vomiting
Fever
Pain at McBurney’s point (R lower quadrant)

94
Q

How might appendicitis cause a ruptured appendix and what are the complications of this?

A

Increased pressure causes blood vessels to become compressed causing ischaemia
Cells producing mucous are dead and growing bacteria can invade the wall of the appendix which becomes weaker
If the appendix ruptures this may cause:
Peritonitis: pain with rebound tenderness and abdominal guarding
Periappendiceal abscess: pus and fluid forming an abscess around the appendix

95
Q

How would you treat appendicitis?

A

Abscess drainage

Appendectomy

96
Q

Describe a volvulus

A

An obstruction caused by a loop in the intestines that twists around itself and surrounding mesentery

97
Q

What is the most common type of volvulus

A

Sigmoid volvulus

98
Q

How might a sigmoid volvulus occur?

A

During pregnancy- foetus can cause displacement and twisting of the colon
In middle aged/ elderly- chronic constipation as colon can twist around large load of stool
Abdominal adhesions- physical attachment between two parts of the abdomen serves as the pivot point

99
Q

Why can a cecal volvulus occur in young adults?

A

If there is abnormal development of the abdominal mesentery, the colon can flop around freely

100
Q

Which age group are most prone to midgut volvulus and why?

A

Babies/ small children
As a result of abnormal intestinal development in foetuses: If there is malrotation at 12 weeks and the cecum and appendix stay on the upper R side
This often causes later twisting of the small intestine

101
Q

What are the risks if the mesentery is tightly twisted in a volvulus?

A

Infarction leading to bloating, constipation, severe pain and bloody stool
The intestinal wall can break down, releasing bacteria and causing sepsis and cardiovascular collapse

102
Q

How would you diagnose a volvulus?

A

Abdominal XR: looks like a coffee bean

Barium enema: shows bird’s beak shape (enlarged at one end, tapered at the other)

103
Q

How would you treat a volvulus?

A

Sigmoidoscopy: if looks normal and pink, untwist tubes and decompress colon to relieve pressure

104
Q

When would you require immediate surgery on a volvulus and what would this involve?

A

If bowel is severely twisted
If blood supply is cut off
Involves the untwisting of bowel and attaching it to the abdominal wall

105
Q

What is a bowel intussusception?

A

Where the intestine folds in on itself, usually when the ileum folds into the cecum

106
Q

Give 2 common causes of intussusception in adults

A

Polyps
Tumour
(Contracting intestines can grab the leading edge and pull it ahead)

107
Q

What is the main cause of intussusception in babies?

A

Leading edge is often lymphoid hyperplasia

Payers patches: many tiny lymph nodes common in the ileum which enlarge to fight off infection- form a lead point

108
Q

What is Meckel’s diverticulum and how can it cause intussusception?

A

Out-pouching of GI tissue
Usually sticks out into the peritoneal cavity
Occasionally can invert and stick back into the intestine, drawing the ileum into the cecum

109
Q

Give 3 risk factors for intussusception

A

Having previously had an intussusception
Having a sibling with an intussusception
Intestinal malrotation

110
Q

Describe the nature of the pain with intussusception

A

Intermittent abdominal pain
Worse with peristalsis
May cause child to guard abdomen
May draw knees to chest

111
Q

Give 3 signs/ symptoms of intussusception

A

Abdominal pain
Vomiting
Hard, sausage-lek mass in abdomen

112
Q

Explain the complications as a result of the pressure exerted on the walls of the trapped bowel due to intussusception?

A

Squeezes blood vessels shut causing ischaemia/ infarction
Intestinal mucosa, blood and mucus enters the gut
If there is intestinal tearing, there is release of bacteria causing sepsis/ fever

113
Q

How can an intussusception cause a volvulus?

A

It can prevent food/ fluid passing, this large mass acts as a pivot point causing the intestine to twist

114
Q

How would you diagnose an intussusception?

A

In children: may be felt during a DRE
Definite diagnosis requires imaging:
US, X-ray, CT
‘Bulls-eye’ telescoped inside

115
Q

How would you treat an intussusception?

A 
Barium/ air enema can unfold an intussusception
Surgery may be necessary:
Telescoped intestine is freed
Obstruction is cleared
Dead tissue is removed
116
Q

Give the 4 layers of the bowel wall

A

Serosa
Muscle
Submucosa
Mucosa

117
Q

Describe the difference between a true and false diverticula

A

True: involves all layers

False(pseudo): only mucosa and submucosa poke through muscle layer (muscle layer is not included)

118
Q

Where do most diverticula form and why?

A

Most form in the sigmoid colon as it has the smallest lumen diameter and therefore highest pressure
Also at weak spots where a blood vessel traverses the muscle layer, vessel is more likely to rupture causing rectal bleeding

119
Q

Give 3 risk factors for diverticula formation

A

Low fibre- constipation
Fatty foods and red meat
Marfan syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos

120
Q

How can diverticulitis occur?

A

Lodged faecalith

Erosion from high pressure

121
Q

Where would pain be felt with diverticulitis?

A

L lower quadrant

122
Q

Why is diverticulitis not associated with bleeding?

A

Blood vessels are scarred from inflammation

123
Q

What is the key complication if diverticula rupture?

A

Fistula formation e.g. a colovesicular fistula (colon to bladder) causing air/ stool in the urine

124
Q

How would you treat diverticulitis?

A

Abx- to limit bacterial growth
High fibre diet
Surgical removal

125
Q

Give 5 examples of true bowel obstructions

A 
Volvulus
Adhesion
Tumour
Intussusception
Hernia
126
Q

Give 3 examples of bowel pseudo-obstructions

A

Myopathy- no peristaltic contractions occur
Neuropathy- no innervation of the bowel smooth muscle
Hirschsprung’s disease

127
Q

Describe Hirschsprung’s disease

A

Rare congenital condition where nerves are missing at the distal end of the colon
Therefore the bowel cannot relax to pass stool, this is corrected by surgery

128
Q

How would you differentiate between large and small bowel obstruction?

A

Vomiting: Early= small, late= large
Constipation: Early= large, late= small
More distal the obstruction, more distension

129
Q

Which investigations would you carry out for suspected bowel obstruction?

A

Inflammatory markers, lactate: ischaemia

CT scan: give oral and IV contrast

130
Q

When would you not give contrast to a patient with suspected bowel obstruction and why?

A

If the patient had a perforation as the contrast could enter the peritoneum

131
Q

Give 4 symptoms of gastritis

A

Indigestion
Gnawing/ burning stomach pain
Nausea and vomiting
Feeling full after eating

132
Q

Give 3 signs/ symptoms of erosive gastritis

A

Stomach is exposed to acid:
Pain
Bleeding
Stomach ulcer

133
Q

How would you diagnose gastritis?

A

Stool test
Breath test for H. pylori infection
Endoscopy
Barium swallow

134
Q

Give 5 possible causes of gastritis

A 
H. pylori
Excessive cocaine/ alcohol use
NSAIDs
Stressful event
Autoimmune reaction
135
Q

How would you treat gastritis?

A

Antacids
Histamine 2 blockers (H2 blockers): Ranitidine
PPI: Omeprazole
If H. pylori : Abx

136
Q

Give the components of the submucosa and muscular propria of the small bowel wall

A

Submucosa: connective tissue with collagen, elastin and glands/ vessels and Meissner plexus
Muscularis propria: two layers of smooth muscle + Myenteric plexus

137
Q

Describe the process of ischaemic injury and reperfusion injury in small bowel ischaemia

A

Ischaemic injury: production of ROS, can damage DNA, RNA and proteins
Reperfusion: increase in oxygen and oxidative stress, increases ROS which attracts immune species
Immune cells remove dead/ damaged cells and release cytokines

138
Q

How can sepsis occur as a result of small bowel ischaemia?

A

Food lingers in the ileum and doesn’t get pushed along
Break in the epithelial lining allows bacteria into the peritoneal space, lymphatics and blood vessels
Vessels get leaky leading to septic shock

139
Q

Give 5 examples of occlusive bowel obstruction

A 
Hernia
Embolus
Tumour
Volvulus
Intussusception
140
Q

Give 3 examples of non-occlusive bowel obstruction

A

Low CO2
Hypovolemia
Mucosal infarcts

141
Q

Give a symptom of bowel ischaemia and 4 symptoms of infarction

A 
Ischaemia: 
Severe abdominal pain
Infarction: 
Vomiting
Bloody diarrhoea
Distended abdomen
Loss of bowel sounds
142
Q

Give 3 symptoms of sepsis

A

Fever
Decreased BP
Increased HR and RR

143
Q

How would you diagnose small bowel ischaemia?

A 
Abdo CT:
Bowel dilation and bowel thickening
Intestinal pneumatosis
CT angiography
Lad studies:
Raised WBC
Metabolic acidosis
144
Q

How would you treat small bowel ischaemia?

A 
Increase fluid
Manage pain
Abx
Surgery to reestablish blood flow
Thrombolytic enzymes
Surgical resection
145
Q

Describe Mallory-Weiss syndrome

A

Longitudinal tears near the gastro-oesophageal junction

146
Q

Give 4 associated causes of Mallory-Weiss syndrome

A

Vomiting
Retching
Coughing
Straining

147
Q

How would Mallory-Weiss syndrome present?

A

Haematemesis
Melena
Dizziness
Abdominal pain

148
Q

How would you diagnose Mallory-Weiss syndrome?

A

Endoscopy

149
Q

How would you treat Mallory-Weiss syndrome?

A

Cauterisation, epinephrine injection, haemoclipping, band ligation
Embolisation
Surgery

150
Q

Describe haemorrhoids

A

Swellings containing enlarged blood vessels found in the rectum and anus

151
Q

Give 2 causes of haemorrhoids

A

Prolonged constipation

Chronic diarrhoea

152
Q

Give 6 risk factors for haemorrhoids

A 
Obesity
Age
Pregnancy
FHx
Lifting heavy objects
Persistent cough/ repeated vomiting
153
Q

Give 5 symptoms of haemorrhoids

A 
Bleeding after passing a stool
Itchy anus
Lump outside anus
Mucus discharge after passing a stool
Soreness, redness and swelling
154
Q

Give 4 lifestyle changes for a patient with haemorrhoids

A

Losing weight
Increase amount of fibre in diet
Drink plenty of fluid
Avoid medication causing constipation: painkillers containing codeine

155
Q

Describe an anal fistula

A

Chronic, abnormal communication between epithelial surface of the anal canal and the perianal skin

156
Q

How might an anal fistula form?

A

If the outlet of the anal glands becomes blocked, an abscess can form which can eventually extend to the skin surface

157
Q

Give 5 symptoms of an anal fistula

A 
Skin irritation around the anus
Constant throbbing pain
Smelly discharge proximal to anus
Pus/ blood in faeces
Swelling/ redness around anus
Fever (if abscess)
Bowel incontinence
158
Q

How would you diagnose an anal fistula?

A

DRE
Protoscopy
US, MRI, CT

159
Q

Give 4 causes, other than an anal abscess, of an anal fistula

A

Caron’s
Diverticulitis
TB/ HIV
Complication of surgery

160
Q

Describe an anal fissure

A

Tear or ulcer that develops in the lining of the anal canal

161
Q

Give 2 symptoms of an anal fissure

A

Sharp pain when you pass stools, often followed by a deep burning pain
Bleeding when passing stools

162
Q

Give 5 causes of an anal fissure

A 
STI
Constipation
Persistent diarrhoea
IBD
Pregnancy/ childbirth
163
Q

Give 4 lifestyle changes for someone with an anal fissure

A

High fibre diet
Increase fluids
Not ignoring the urge to pass stools
Exercise regularly

164
Q

Describe a perianal abscess

A

Abscess adjacent to the anus, arising from an infection at one of the anal sinuses

165
Q

Give 3 bacterial causes of a perianal abscess

A

E. coli
Staph
MRSA

166
Q

Give 5 symptoms of a perianal abscess

A 
Pain in the perianal area
Constipation
Drainage from the rectum
Fever
Chills
Palpable mass near anus
167
Q

Give 3 risk factors for developing a perianal abscess

A

Chron’s
Diabetes
Chronic corticosteroid treatment

168
Q

Describe a pilonidal sinus and what can happen if this becomes infected

A

Small hole or tunnel in the skin at the top of the buttocks, an infection of this sinus will cause pain, swelling and a pus-filled abscess can develop

169
Q

Give the key cause of a pilonidal sinus developing

A

A skin problem, pressure/ friction may cause hair between the buttocks to be pushed inwards

170
Q

How would you treat an infected pilonidal sinus?

A

Abx
Painkillers
Drainage of the sinus

Medicine Phase 2A (OWN) (10 decks)

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