GI

Question 1

Accessory Digestive Organs

Answer 1

• Parotid salivary gland
• teeth
• tongue
• sublingual salivary gland
• submandibular salivary gland
• liver
• gallbladder
• pancreas

Question 2

GI tract digestive organs

Answer 2

• oral cavity
• pharynx
• esophagus
• stomach
• large intesine
• small intestine
• anus

Question 3

GI tract structural features

Answer 3

• mucosa (thick in esophagus; important in tumors; sometimes not called carcinoma until it is beyond this layer)
  
  • epithelial lining
  • lamina propria (loose connective tissue)
  • muscularis mucosa
• submucosa (dense connective tissue)
• muscularis propria (largest layer)
• serosa (loose connective tissue)

Question 4

Esophagus

Answer 4

mucosa–>submucosa–>muscularis–>adventitia

*no serosa, this is important in tumors becaues invasion is worrisome; squamous epithelia are normal in esophagus

Question 5

Stomach

Answer 5

Mucosa (simple columnar epithelium) –>submucosa—>muscularis (oblique, circular, longitudinal)–>serosa

*more columnar and different type of epithelium as opposed to squamous in esophagus, also has serosa now.

*if you see a big vessel, you are in submucosa—none in epithelium

Question 6

Small intestine

Answer 6

• simple columnar cell (enterocyte)

mucosa–>submucosa–>muscularis (inner circular layer; outer longitudinal layer) –>serosa; starts with a circular fold–>villi–>microvilli

• has goblet cells (loss of microvilli= microvilli inclusion disease)
• lymphatic nodule, intestinal gland

Question 7

Colon

Answer 7

simple columnar epithelium

mucosa–>submucosa–>muscularis mucosa (circular, longitudinal) –>serosa (except in rectum, weaker protection)

intestinal gland, lymphatic nodule

inflammatory cells ok

Question 8

Digestive functions of liver

Answer 8

• production of bile,
• hepatocytes are the key cells (binucleated, respect borders, squamous, lots of nucleoli and cytoplasm),
• synthesis of plasma proteins
• conversion of amino acids into glucose
• production of urea
• storage of glucose
• storage of vitamin A
• storage of iron

Question 9

Digestive functions of pancreas

Answer 9

• a mix of exocrine and endocrine gland
• produces digestive enzymes and hormones
• exocrine function (acinar), 1.5 L of alkaline pancreatic juice per day into the duodenum, proteases, amylase, lipases
• endocrine function (islets of Langerhans), insulin, glucagon, somatostatin
• 90% of tumors in pancreas from acinar structures

Question 10

Answer 10

Esophagus

Question 11

Answer 11

Stomach

Question 12

Answer 12

Small intestine

Question 13

Answer 13

Colon

Question 14

Answer 14

Appendix

Question 15

Answer 15

Rectum/Anus

Question 16

Answer 16

Pancreas

Question 17

Answer 17

Gallbladder