Gi

Question 1

What is a hernia?

Answer 1

Protrusion of part of abdo contents beyond normal confines of abdo wall

Question 2

Common hernias

Answer 2

Inguinal - indirect (most common) and direct

Tbc

Question 3

Autonomic nervous system basics

Answer 3

Parasympathetic- craniosacral region, short post ganglionic. Both cholinergic (nAChR, mAChR)

Sympathetic - thoracolumbar, paraverterbral chains, pre cholinergic, post adrenergic (there are exceptions e.g. Sweat glands)

Question 4

How do pacemaker cells of the heart work?

Answer 4

Cells in SAN slowly depolarise to threshold turning on funny current (transient Na influx), leads to opening of Ca2+ channels and depol. Ca channels close and K+ channels open to hyperpolarise cell again, cycle repeats.

Question 5

Describe inotropy of the heart

Answer 5

Adrenaline acts on Gas GPCR

adenylyl cyclase upreg, increases cAMP.
PKA activated.
…?

Question 6

Two cancer types in oesophagus

Answer 6

Squamous cell carcinoma

If Barrett’s oesophagus, adenocarcinoma

Question 7

Define Dysphagia

Answer 7

Difficulty swallowing

Question 8

3 causes of dysphagia

Answer 8

Difficulty with co-ordination of swallowing due to something wrong with the cranial nerves - Bulbar palsy.

Narrowings i.e. Tumours or fibrous rings

Achalasia - rare. Failure to relax lower oesophageal sphincter.