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Clin Path-E4-soph > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

What initial fecal tests should be run when presented with diarrhea?

A

Fecal flotation, Fecal sedimentation, Direct cytologic examination, Rectal scraping cytology, Fecal occult blood test

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2
Q

What are 6 major causes of morphologic chronic intestinal disease?

A

Inflammatory bowel disease, Triaditis in cats(pancreatitis, hepatitis, enteritis), GI Lymphoma, Lymphangiectasia(dogs only), Pythiosis(dogs only), GI Histoplasmosis

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3
Q

What are 3 types of GI tract disease that cause malabsorption?

A

GI tract is thickened by abnormal cell infiltration(inflammation or cancer), Parasitism or infiltrative infection, GI Lymphatic Disease - Lymphangectasia: dialated lacteals and other lymphatics don’t absorb fats and protein properly

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4
Q

What difference in anatomy between dogs and cats accounts for triaditis in cats, but not dogs?

A

the pancreatic duct in cats enters the common bile duct before it opens into the duodenum. When there is disease in the small bowel, it may ascend into the common bile duct, and, from there, affect the pancreas, resulting in pancreatitis. The rest of the biliary tree may also be affected.

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5
Q

BUN:Creat can be high with what GI cause?

A

prerenal causes of azotemia - GI hemorrhage which causes a high protein “meal”

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6
Q

What chemistry values will be decreased with protein losing enteropathy?

A

Total protein, Albumin, Globulins, Cholesterol

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7
Q

When will you see a low calcium with GI cause?

A

intestinal malabsorption or secondary to hypoalbuminemia

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8
Q

What GI circumstance will cause a high sodium and chloride?

A

pure water loss by GI tract

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9
Q

What GI circumstance will cause a low sodium and chloride?

A

Isotonic fluid or sodium chloride-rich fluid loss by GI tract

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10
Q

What GI circumstance will cause a low sodium and high chloride?

A

bicarb is being lost by GI tract

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11
Q

When will TCO2 be high with regards to GI disease, how about low?

A

High with upper GI disease and selective loss of HCl, Low if losing bicarb in diarrhea

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12
Q

What are 4 causes of panhypoproteinemia?

A

Extensive blood loss, Protein losing enteropathy,Exudative lesion, Severe protein losing nephropathy or hepatopathy

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13
Q

What are 2 causes of low albumin and normal globulins?

A

Protein losing nephropathy, Hepatopathies

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14
Q

What are 2 causes of low albumin and high globulins?

A

Inflammation, Hepatopathies

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15
Q

What can cause a panhyperproteinemia?

A

dehydration

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16
Q

What are 3 causes of hypocholesterolemia?

A

Decreased hepatic synthesis, Decreased intestinal absorption, Maldigestion

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17
Q

What are 2 causes of decreased hepatic synthesis?

A

Hepatic disease(PSS), Hypoadrenocorticism(addisons)

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18
Q

What would cause decreased intestinal absorption?

A

Protein Losing Enteropathy

19
Q

What would cause maldigestion?

A

EPI(sometimes)

20
Q

When will GI disease affect blood glucose?

A

Starvation, Severe malnutrition

21
Q

What is the first thing you should think of when you see hypoglycemia on a chem panel?

A

false result from blood sitting too long. Consider patient’s clinical signs

22
Q

What are 6 causes of Hypoglycemia?

A

Increased insulin secretion, Decreased insulin antagonists, Decreased gluconeogenesis, Increased glucose utilization, Uncertain Pathogenesis, Pharmacologic

23
Q

What can cause increased insulin secretion?

A

Insulinoma(pancreatic betacell neoplasm) Xylitol toxicity

24
Q

What can cause decreased insulin antagonists?

A

Hypocortisolemia/Addison’s

25
Q

What can cause decreased gluconeogenesis?

A

Hepatic insufficiency/failure, Hypocortisolemia, Neonatal hypoglycemia

26
Q

What can cause increased glucose utilization?

A

Lactational hypoglycemia, Hunting dogs

27
Q

What are 3 uncertain pathogeneses that could cause hypoglycemia?

A

Sepsis, Pregnancy, Other neoplasms besides insulinoma

28
Q

What is a pharmacologic cause of hypoglycemia?

A

Administration of Insulin

29
Q

What are 5 causes of hyperglycemia?

A

Normal response to a meal(mild and in conjunction with hypercholesterolemia, and increased triglycerides), Transient hyperglycemia that is epinephrine induced(fractious cat), Cushing’s, Diabetes Mellitus, Administered Drugs(Xylazine, Dextrose, Ketamine)

30
Q

If PLE is suspected, what test can be run to confirm?

A

Fecal alpha1-proteinase inhibitor(alpha1-PI)

31
Q

What is the purpose of testing for Serum Cobalamine and folate?

A

identify need for supplementation, see if level of supplementation is sufficient, identify bacterial overgrowth, help localize GI dz

32
Q

What is SIBO?

A

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: also called antibiotic responsive enteropathy(are), there is an overgrowth of bacteria in the intestine with skewing towards a few types of bacteria rather than a normal polymorphic population of bacilli

33
Q

How do you treat SIBO?

A

empiric Abx trial

34
Q

What are 3 causes of SIBO?

A

Secondary to EPI, Secondary to numerous other intestinal dz, Idiopathic

35
Q

What does folate have to do with SIBO?

A

Folate is produced by bacteria and increases with SIBO

36
Q

Where is folate absorbed?

A

proximal small intestine

37
Q

What does cobalamin have to do with SIBO?

A

Its absorption is decreased by bactereia

38
Q

Where is cobalamin absorbed?

A

some in the duodenum, mostly in the ileum with the help of intrinsic factor from the pancreas

39
Q

With what disease would you see an increased or normal folate, decreased cobalamin, and decreased TLI?

A

EPI

40
Q

With what disease would you see increased folate, decreased cobalamin, and normal TLI?

A

Bacterial overgrowth

41
Q

With what disease would you see decreased folate, normal cobalamin, and normal TLI?

A

Proximal small intestine disease

42
Q

With what disease would you see normal folate, decreased Cobalamin, and normal TLI?

A

Distal small intestine disease

43
Q

With what disease would you see decreased folate, decreased cobalamin, and normal TLI?

A

Diffuse small intestinal disease

44
Q

What is MMA?

A

Methylmalonic acid can be used as a marker for Cobalamin deficiency at the cellular level, which is more important than serum concentrations because cobalamin dependent biochemical reactions occur intracellularly.

Clin Path-E4-soph (4 decks)

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