GI Flashcards
1
Q
What is the main symptom of peptic ulcers?
A
Abdominal pain
2
Q
Which is relieved by food: duodenal or gastric ulcers?
A
Duodenal
3
Q
Which type of ulcer is exacerbated by food?
A
Gastric ulcers
4
Q
Which is more common: duodenal or gastric ulcers?
A
Duodenal ulcers (4X)
5
Q
What is the pathogen responsible for peptic ulcers?
A
Helicobacter pylori
6
Q
What emotional response can worsen ulcer symptoms?
A
Stress
7
Q
What are important symptoms associated with cholera?
A
Explosive watery diarrhea and vomiting, “rice-water stool”, possible death
8
Q
What pathogen is responsible for cholera?
A
Vibrio cholerae
9
Q
Why is Vibrio cholerae the most common Vibrio to infect humans?
A
Only Vibrio that can survive in freshwater
10
Q
Where is cholera most frequently seen?
A
In communities with poor sewage and water treatment
11
Q
“Rice-water” stools are the clinical sign for diagnosis of what condition?
A
Cholera
12
Q
What is another name for shigellosis?
A
Bacillary dysentery
13
Q
What is unique about the stools with shigellosis?
A
Blood, pus, or mucus seen
14
Q
Which pathogen responsible for shigellosis is more common: Shigella flexneri or Shigella sonnei?
A
Shigella sonnei (2/3 US) Shigella flexneri (1/3 US)
15
Q
How is shigellosis transmitted?
A
Fecal-oral route by ingesting bacteria from contaminated hands or consuming contaminated cold foods or salads
16
Q
What is the appearance of the diarrhea seen with traveler’s diarrhea?
A
Watery
17
Q
What pathogen primarily causes traveler’s diarrhea?
A
Escherichia coli
18
Q
What is the number one disease that E. coli tries to cause?
A
Gastroenteritis (inflammation of stomach/intestines)
19
Q
How is traveler’s diarrhea most often transmitted?
A
From consumption of undercooked beef or unpasteurized milk/fruit juice contaminated with feces
20
Q
Why are antidiarrheal drugs not good to use to treat traveler’s diarrhea?
A
They actually prolong the symptoms
21
Q
What is the appearance of the diarrhea seen with campylobacter diarrhea?
A
Bloody and frequent
22
Q
How long can campylobacter diarrhea last?
A
7-10 days (diarrhea happening 10+ times per day)
23
Q
What pathogen is responsible for campylobacter diarrhea?
A
Campylobacter jejuni
24
Q
What is the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in the U.S.?
A
Campylobacter jejuni
25
What animal group is the most common source of infection for campylobacter diarrhea?
Poultry
26
What condition is associated with taking antimicrobials and commonly causes a nosocomial infection (UTI)?
Pseudomembranous colitis
27
What pathogen is responsible for Pseudomembranous colitis?
Clostridium difficile
28
Is Pseudomembranous colitis dangerous?
Life threatening peritonitis due to massive internal infection by fecal bacteria
29
What are the 2 types of Salmonellosis?
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Salmonella food poising (acute bacterial gastroenteritis)
Typhoid fever (enteric fever)
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30
Which disease of salmonellosis results from a foodborne infection/intoxication?
Salmonella food poising (acute bacterial gastroenteritis)
31
Which disease of salmonellosis results from bacterial invasion of the bloodstream?
Typhoid fever (enteric fever)
32
What kind of diarrhea is seen with Salmonella food poisoning (acute bacterial gastroenteritis)?
Nonbloody
33
What serious issue can result from typhoid fever?
Perforations of intestinal wall leading to peritonitis
34
How is Salmonella food poisoning often acquired?
Consuming contaminated eggs (or poultry or inadequately pasteurized milk)
35
How is typhoid fever acquired?
Contaminated food or water
36
What is the most common viral cause of gastroenteritis?
Norovirus
37
What is the most common bacterial cause of gastroenteritis?
Campylobacter jejuni
38
What is the most common pathogen responsible for UTIs?
E. coli
39
What pathogen found in contaminated food is responsible for Staphylococcal food poisoning?
Staphylococcus aureus
40
What is unique about the symptoms of Clostridial food poisoning?
No fever, nausea, or vomiting
41
How is Clostridial food poisoning usually acquired?
Ingestion of contaminated meat
42
What is the time span for Clostridial food poisoning?
Fairly benign, less than 24 hours
43
Yersinia food poisoning can sometimes mimic what other condition?
Appendicitis
44
What pathogen is responsible for Yersinia food poisoning?
Yersinia enterocolitica
45
How is Yersinia food poisoning acquired?
Consumption of contaminated pork (undercooked)
46
Yersinia food poisoning usually affects what population?
Kids
47
What is another term for Bacillus cereus food poisoning?
Fried rice syndrome
48
What pathogen is responsible for Bacillus cereus food poisoning (fried rice syndrome)?
Bacillus cereus
49
What condition is caused by a latent virus usually in
| trigeminal ganglia?
Oral Herpes
50
What is the most common symptom of mumps?
Parotitis (painful enlargement of the parotid salivary glands)
51
What possibly serious condition can arise in males with mumps?
Orchitis (inflammation of the testes that can result in sterility)
52
What pathogen is responsible for mumps?
Mumps virus (Rubulavirus)
53
What is the vaccine for mumps that has almost completely eradicated mumps in the industrialized world?
MMR
54
What pathogens cause viral gastroenteritis?
Norovirus (MC 90%), Astrovirus, and Rotavirus
55
What is the number one cause of foodborne illness in the U.S.?
Norovirus
56
Norovirus is especially carried in what unique food?
Seafood like oysters
57
What is unique about the symptoms of viral gastroenteritis caused by Astrovirus?
Diarrhea but no vomiting
58
Which is more mild: viral gastroenteritis caused by Norovirus or Astrovirus?
Astrovirus (less dehydration)
59
What is the most common cause of infantile gastroenteritis?
Rotavirus (significant cause of death in developing countries)
60
What is the most unique symptom seen with viral hepatitis?
Jaundice
61
What actually causes the liver damage seen with viral hepatitis?
Host immune response
62
What is unique about the onset of symptoms of viral hepatitis?
Symptoms may occur years after initial infection
63
What is unique about Hepatitis A virus's survivability?
Can survive on various surfaces and is resistant to common household disinfectants
64
How is Hepatitis A transmitted?
Fecal-oral route
65
Which hepatitis viruses have a vaccine?
A and B
66
Hepatitis B has mild symptoms, if any, but what is its serious issue?
Can cause severe liver damage
67
A Hepatitis B infection coinfecting with what other virus increases the risk of permanent liver damage?
Hepatitis D virus
68
Which hepatitis virus is associated with liver cancer?
Hepatitis B virus
69
How is Hepatitis B spread?
Infected needles, sexual intercourse, passage to babies during childbirth
70
What are the symptoms of Hepatitis C?
Few, if any, symptoms but a chronic infection
71
What serious issues can occur overtime with Hepatitis C?
Liver damage and liver failure
72
How is Hepatitis C spread?
Needles, organ transplants, blood transfusions, sexual activity
73
Hepatitis D virus is dependent upon which other virus?
Hepatitis B virus
74
Why is Hepatitis D virus dependent upon Hepatitis B virus?
Hepatitis D virus cannot attach to liver cells (called a satellite virus)
75
Hepatitis D plays a role in triggering what serious condition?
Liver cancer
76
How is Hepatitis D transmitted?
Bodily fluids (sexual activity and contaminated needles)
77
What is another name for Hepatitis E?
Enteric hepatitis
78
Hepatitis E has a fatality rate in 20% of what population?
Pregnant women
79
What is another name for Giardiasis?
Beaver Fever
80
What is unique about the stools with Giardiasis?
Rotten egg smelling
81
What pathogen is responsible for Giardiasis?
Giardia intestinalis (aka G. lamblia, G. duodenalis)
82
What is one of the most common waterborne gastrointestinal diseases in the U.S. discussed?
Giardiasis
83
Ingesting cysts in contaminated water or when swimming
How is Giardiasis acquired?
84
What group is particularly at risk for developing giardiasis?
Hikers and campers and their pets because wild animals shed Giardia into mountain streams
85
What is another name for Cryptosporidiosis?
Cryptosporidium enteritis
86
How long can diarrhea last with Cryptosporidiosis?
Up to 2 weeks
87
What pathogen is responsible for Cryptosporidiosis?
Cryptosporidium parvum
88
How is Cryptosporidiosis acquired?
Drinking contaminated water or sometimes fecal-oral transmission (particularly in daycare centers)
89
What kind of amebiasis is asymptomatic and represents 90% of all cases?
Luminal amebiasis
90
What kind of amebiasis causes severe diarrhea, colitis, and can also lead to apendicitis?
Invasive amebic dysentery
91
What kind of amebiasis causes necrotic lesions in the liver, lungs, spleen, kidneys, or brain?
Invasive extraintestinal amebiasis
92
What pathogen is responsible for amebiasis?
Entamoeba histolytica
93
How is amebiasis acquired?
Contaminated food/water, hands, or oral-anal intercourse
94
What pathogen is responsible for Cyclosporiasis?
Cyclospora cayetanensis
95
Outbreaks of Cyclosporiasis has been linked to what food that is imported from Central and South America?
Raspberries
96
What is unique about the symptoms of tapeworm?
Usually asymptomatic but weight loss is generally visible
97
What pathogen is responsible for beef tapeworm?
Taenia saginata
98
What pathogen is responsible for pork tapeworm?
Taenia solium
99
How is tapeworm diagnosed?
Presence of proglottids in fecal sample
100
What is the name of the tapeworm derived from fish?
Diphyllobothriasis
101
What is unique about the symptoms of Diphyllobothriasis?
80% of cases are asymptomatic and can go years without being detected
102
In what organ are hydatid cysts usually formed by canine tapeworm larvae?
Liver
103
What pathogen is responsible for canine tapeworm?
Echinococcus granulosus
104
How can ascariasis be lethal?
Complete intestinal blockage possible
105
What pathogen is responsible for ascariasis?
Ascaris lumbricoides
106
What is the largest and most common nematode known to infect humans worldwide?
Ascaris (as large as 30cm/12in in length)
107
What deficiencies can result from hookworm?
Anemia, iron, and protein deficiencies from the adult worms sucking the blood of the host
108
What reaction occurs at the site of larvae penetration of hookworm?
Ground itch
109
On what location of the body do hookworm larvae usually penetrate the skin during transmission?
Foot
110
What is the second most common nematode affecting humans worldwide?
Hookworm (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus)
111
What is the characteristic symptom/sign of pinworm?
Enterobius vermicularis (nematode)
112
How can pinworm be spread?
On bedding and person-to-person contact after scratching
113
What is the most common parasitic worm infestation in the U.S.?
Pinworm (usually infects children)
114
What is another name for Dracunculiasis?
Guinea worm disease
115
After about a year of infection, the worm involved with Dracunculiasis forms a blister that breaks open on what area of the body?
Usually the foot
116
What is the treatment for dracunculiasis?
Winding the worm out on a stick over a period or hours to weeks
117
What is another name for trichinosis?
Trichinellosis
118
What kinds of symptoms are presented with trichinosis?
Muscle pain and weakness
119
How do humans become infected with trichinosis?
Eating undercooked meat containing cysts of T. spiralis (especially pork)
120
Why is trichinosis uncommon in the U.S.?
Food regulations (USDA approved meat is okay)
