GI 3

Question 1

amount of calories created by oxidation of 1 mole of glucose

Answer 1

686, 000

Question 2

calories/mole of ATP energy in each high energy phosphate bond

Answer 2

12,000

Question 3

where ATP is present

Answer 3

cytoplasm or nucleoplasm

Question 4

after these are absorbed from intestinal tract (from carbohydrate digestion), are converted to glucose in the liver

Answer 4

fructose and galactose

Question 5

active transport of this ion provides energy for absorbing glucose against a conentration difference

Answer 5

Na

Question 6

insulin increases or decreases facilitated diffusion of glucose

Answer 6

increases

Question 7

rate of carbohydrate utilization by most cells is dependent on this

Answer 7

insulin secretion

Question 8

reverses phosphorylation of glucose (only in liver or kidney)

Answer 8

glucose phosphatase

Question 9

where glycogen is stored

Answer 9

liver and muscle

Question 10

hormones that stimulate phosphorylase (for glycogenolysis)

Answer 10

epinephrine, glucagon

Question 11

increased levels of this molecule activate phosphorylase

Answer 11

cAMP

Question 12

what secretes glucagon

Answer 12

alpha cells pancreas

Question 13

amount of ATP produced per one mole of glucose

Answer 13

38

Question 14

splitting of glucose molecule (in glycolysis) creates 2 moles of this

Answer 14

pyruvic acid

Question 15

maximum efficiency of energy transfer using ATP formation

Answer 15

66%

Question 16

strongly inhibit PFK (which stops glycolysis…and carbohydrate metabolism)

Answer 16

citrate and ATP

Question 17

in decreased carbohydrate environment…adenohypophysis secretes this; adrenal cortex secretes this

Answer 17

corticotropin; glucocorticoids

Question 18

where chylomicrons are removed

Answer 18

adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, heart

Question 19

hydrolyzes TG of chylomicrons at surface of capillary endothelial cells

Answer 19

lipoprotein lipase

Question 20

what lipoprotein lipase releases (from chylomicron)

Answer 20

fatty acids and glycerol

Question 21

clear chylomicron remnants in liver

Answer 21

apoE

Question 22

concentration of lipoproteins in plasma

Answer 22

700 mg/dL

Question 23

transports free fatty acids

Answer 23

albumin

Question 24

carries high concentrations of TG, moderate levels of cholesterol and phospholipids

Answer 24

VLDL

Question 25

remnant of IDL...after removal of most of TG; high levels of cholesterol

Answer 25

LDL

Question 26

high concentration of proteins, less cholesterol and phospholipids

Answer 26

HDL

Question 27

goal for LDL levels should be less than this

Answer 27

100

Question 28

goal for HDL levels should be greater than this

Answer 28

50

Question 29

transport triglycerides synthesized in liver mainly to adipose tissue

Answer 29

VLDL

Question 30

percentage of adipocyte that can store pure triglycerides; generally in liquid form (because most efficient)

Answer 30

80-95%

Question 31

where fatty acids are degraded (release of acetyl coA)

Answer 31

mitochondria

Question 32

net gain of this many ATP from oxygenation of FA

Answer 32

146

Question 33

under these conditions, no carbohydrates are metabolized (can lead to ketosis)

Answer 33

starvation, high-fat diet, diabetes

Question 34

where globulins are formed (enzymatic functions and immunity)

Answer 34

liver and lymphoid tissue

Question 35

obligatory loss of proteins per day

Answer 35

20-30 g

Question 36

recommended amount of protein intake per day

Answer 36

60-75 g

Question 37

glucorticoids increase or decrease protein in most tissues?

Answer 37

decrease

Question 38

proteins with inadequate essential amino acids

Answer 38

partial proteins

Question 39

inadequacy of this AA can lead to Kwashiorkor (low plasma protein concentration)

Answer 39

tryptophan

Question 40

respiratory quotient for carbohydrates

Answer 40

1

Question 41

respiratory quotient for fat

Answer 41

0.7

Question 42

respiratory quotient for proteins

Answer 42

0.8

Question 43

determine protein utilization by measuring this

Answer 43

nitrogen excretion

Question 44

craving for food

Answer 44

hunger

Question 45

desire for food (usually of particular type)

Answer 45

appetitie

Question 46

feeding center in hypothalamus

Answer 46

lateral nuclei

Question 47

satiety center of hypothalamus

Answer 47

ventromedial nuclei

Question 48

neurons that produce alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone

Answer 48

pro-opiomelanocortin