GI 3 Flashcards
amount of calories created by oxidation of 1 mole of glucose
686, 000
calories/mole of ATP energy in each high energy phosphate bond
12,000
where ATP is present
cytoplasm or nucleoplasm
after these are absorbed from intestinal tract (from carbohydrate digestion), are converted to glucose in the liver
fructose and galactose
active transport of this ion provides energy for absorbing glucose against a conentration difference
Na
insulin increases or decreases facilitated diffusion of glucose
increases
rate of carbohydrate utilization by most cells is dependent on this
insulin secretion
reverses phosphorylation of glucose (only in liver or kidney)
glucose phosphatase
where glycogen is stored
liver and muscle
hormones that stimulate phosphorylase (for glycogenolysis)
epinephrine, glucagon
increased levels of this molecule activate phosphorylase
cAMP
what secretes glucagon
alpha cells pancreas
amount of ATP produced per one mole of glucose
38
splitting of glucose molecule (in glycolysis) creates 2 moles of this
pyruvic acid
maximum efficiency of energy transfer using ATP formation
66%
strongly inhibit PFK (which stops glycolysis…and carbohydrate metabolism)
citrate and ATP
in decreased carbohydrate environment…adenohypophysis secretes this; adrenal cortex secretes this
corticotropin; glucocorticoids
where chylomicrons are removed
adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, heart
hydrolyzes TG of chylomicrons at surface of capillary endothelial cells
lipoprotein lipase
what lipoprotein lipase releases (from chylomicron)
fatty acids and glycerol
clear chylomicron remnants in liver
apoE
concentration of lipoproteins in plasma
700 mg/dL
transports free fatty acids
albumin
carries high concentrations of TG, moderate levels of cholesterol and phospholipids
VLDL
remnant of IDL…after removal of most of TG; high levels of cholesterol
LDL
high concentration of proteins, less cholesterol and phospholipids
HDL
goal for LDL levels should be less than this
100
goal for HDL levels should be greater than this
50
transport triglycerides synthesized in liver mainly to adipose tissue
VLDL
percentage of adipocyte that can store pure triglycerides; generally in liquid form (because most efficient)
80-95%
where fatty acids are degraded (release of acetyl coA)
mitochondria
net gain of this many ATP from oxygenation of FA
146
under these conditions, no carbohydrates are metabolized (can lead to ketosis)
starvation, high-fat diet, diabetes
where globulins are formed (enzymatic functions and immunity)
liver and lymphoid tissue
obligatory loss of proteins per day
20-30 g
recommended amount of protein intake per day
60-75 g
glucorticoids increase or decrease protein in most tissues?
decrease
proteins with inadequate essential amino acids
partial proteins
inadequacy of this AA can lead to Kwashiorkor (low plasma protein concentration)
tryptophan
respiratory quotient for carbohydrates
1
respiratory quotient for fat
0.7
respiratory quotient for proteins
0.8
determine protein utilization by measuring this
nitrogen excretion
craving for food
hunger
desire for food (usually of particular type)
appetitie
feeding center in hypothalamus
lateral nuclei
satiety center of hypothalamus
ventromedial nuclei
neurons that produce alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone
pro-opiomelanocortin
