GI-3

Question 1

epithelial cell bicarbonate secretion depends on ______

Answer 1

CFTR

Question 2

proenzymes secreted by acini in the pancreas

Answer 2

zymogens

Question 3

Prevent pancreatic gland cells from self digestion (autodigestion)

Answer 3

zymogen granules

Question 4

pancreatic fluid is rich in

Answer 4

bicarbonate

Question 5

damage of acinar cells leads to_____

Answer 5

autodigestion

Question 6

main causes of pancreatitis

Answer 6

gallstones, alcohol, drug reactions

Question 7

Food leaves the small intestines via ____

Answer 7

mesenteric vein, then the portal vein to the liver

Question 8

end products of starches

Answer 8

glucose, galactose, fructose

Question 9

End products of proteins

Answer 9

amino acids

Question 10

End products of triglycerides

Answer 10

Free fatty acids and glycerol

Question 11

end products of phospholipids

Answer 11

free fatty acids and lysophosphlipids

Question 12

end products of cholesterol esters

Answer 12

cholesterol and free fatty acids

Question 13

why is lipid digestion more complicated than carbohydrate or protein?

Answer 13

Requires healthy function of liver, pancreas, and enterocytes

Question 14

what prevents further aggregation of fat droplets

Answer 14

amphipathic bile salts

Question 15

what enzymes attach to fat cells after bile salt?

Answer 15

lipase and colipase

Question 16

ferries fat digestion products to brush border

Answer 16

micelles

Question 17

how are water-soluble vitamins absorbed?

Answer 17

membrane transporters

Question 18

Vitamin B12 binds to _____ in the small intestine

Answer 18

intrinsic factor

Question 19

where is vitamin B12/IF complex absorbed

Answer 19

terminal ileum to portal blood and then throughout body/bone marrow

Question 20

Iron absorption is dependent on: __

Answer 20

Divalent ion membrane transporter-1 (DMT-1)

Question 21

Common Mechanisms of diarrhea (4)

Answer 21

1. secretory
2. malabsorptive
3. Osmotic
4. Inflammatory

Question 22

Common example of malabsorptive diarrhea

Answer 22

celiac disease

Question 23

loss of gut surface area

Answer 23

malabsorptive

Question 24

lactase deficiency

Answer 24

osmotic mechanism - lactose ingestion results in osmotic pull of lactose remaining in the gut.

Question 25

Example of secretory diarrhea

Answer 25

cholera, E. coli

Question 26

example of inflammatory diarrhea

Answer 26

IBD - direct damage to the mucosa or intestinal wall

Question 27

lab test (histology) found in celiac disease

Answer 27

CD4+T cells and activated intraepithelial lymphocytes

Question 28

In celiac disease, ingestion and partial digestion of gluten produces ______

Answer 28

gliadin peptides which increases antigenicity and stimulate CD4 T-helper cells creating adaptive immune response.

Question 29

Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer

Answer 29

Lynch Syndrome

Question 30

Hallmark of lynch syndrome

Answer 30

numerous polyps

Question 31

Autosomal dominant - increases risk of other cancers

Answer 31

Lynch syndrome

Question 32

Most common cause of pediatric gastroenteritis

Answer 32

rotovirus and norovirus

Question 33

Parasitic gastroenteritis

Answer 33

Giardia

cryptosporidium

Question 34

common signs of GERD in infants and charildren

Answer 34

pain, recurrent vomiting, dysphagia, food refusal.

Question 35

Most common cause of bowel obstruction in children

Answer 35

Intussusception (ages 6 months-3 years)

Question 36

Compression of bowel and blockage of blood flow

Answer 36

intussusception - leads to ischemia

Question 37

Hirschsprung disease

Answer 37

failure of enteric neurons to innervate a segment of large intestine

Question 38

Causes lack of motility/failure to defecate shortly after birth

Answer 38

Hirschsprung disease

Question 39

hypertrophy of circular and longitudinal muscle layers or pylorus

Answer 39

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

Question 40

diagnosed by repeated vomiting, weight loss, dehydration. Present at birth. Surgery may be needed

Answer 40

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis