GI - 1

Question 1

How do opioids cause constipation

Answer 1

They inhibit gut neurotransmission, motility, and secretion

Question 2

Gut enterochromaffin cells (EC) in stomach release ______

Answer 2

histamine: stimulates gastric acid secretion

Question 3

EC cells in the small intestine secrete ______

Answer 3

Serotonin: Increases gastric motility

Question 4

failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax

Answer 4

achalasia

Question 5

main cause of esophageal obstruction

Answer 5

Mechanical stenosis from inflammation such as chronic GERD

Question 6

esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is associated with ____

Answer 6

cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption

Question 7

Squamous cell carcinoma occurs most often in the ____esophagus

Answer 7

mid

Question 8

Adenocarcinoma originates in the _____

Answer 8

distal third of the esophagus

Question 9

Adenocarcinoma is associated with _____

Answer 9

Barrett esophagus

Question 10

Change in esophageal epithelium from stratified squamous epithelium to simple columnar epithelium

Answer 10

Barrett esophagus

Question 11

what causes GERD

Answer 11

Increased laxity of LES (b-adrenergic agonists, calcium channel antagonists, hiatal hernia)
Increased abdominal pressure (obesity, pregnancy)

Question 12

cells that secret gastric acid

Answer 12

parietal cells

Question 13

Proton pump

Answer 13

H+/K+ - ATPase

moves hydrogen ions into stomach lumen in exchange for potassium ions

Question 14

Normal stomach pH

Answer 14

2.0

Question 15

cells that secrete intrinsic factor

Answer 15

parietal cells that take B12 via receptors in ileum

Question 16

cholecystokinin (CKK) is secreted in the ____ and signals ____ and circulates to the _____

Answer 16

Small intestine
fat digestion products
gall bladder

Question 17

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is secreted from the _____ and circulates to _____ to decrease _____ and the _____ to promote _____

Answer 17

ileum
stomach
motility
pancreas
insulin secretion

Question 18

hubs of gut immune activity

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)

Answer 18

peyers patches

particularly numerous in ileum

Question 19

contains majority of gut microbiota

Answer 19

colon

Question 20

phases of gastric acid secretion

Answer 20

1. cephalic
2. gastric
3. intestinal

Question 21

vagal acetylcholine release is most active during this phase

Answer 21

cephalic

Question 22

60% of gastric acid secretion in this phase. Gastrin and histamine are secreted

Answer 22

gastric phase

Question 23

stimulatory signals decrease, inhibitory signals increase (prostaglandins), acid secretion slows

Answer 23

Intestinal phase

Question 24

role of prostaglandins

Answer 24

reduce acid secretion
increase mucus secretion
increase mucosal blood flow

Question 25

NSAIDs block _____

Answer 25

prostaglandin production

increase risk for acid damage