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Biochemistry > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

0
Q

Glycogen synthase primer

A

Glycogenin (adds 4 glucose to itself)

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1
Q

3 irreversible pathways of glycolysis

A
  • hexokinase (1)
  • phosphofructokinase (3)
  • pyruvate kinase (last)
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2
Q

Glucose to glucose-6-phosphate is catalysed by

A

Hexokinase

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3
Q

Glucose-6-phosphate to glucose-1-phosphate and vice versa is catalysed by

A

Phoshphoglucomutase

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4
Q

Glucose-1-phosphate to UDP glucose is catalysed by

A

UDP glucose phosphorylase

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5
Q

Rate limiting enzyme of glycogenesis

A

Glycogen synthase

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6
Q

Enzyme which adds branches to glycogen

A

Transglycosylase

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7
Q

Glycogenolysis catalysed by

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

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8
Q

Processes by which glycogen can be broken down by skeletal muscle

A

TCA cycle and glycolysis

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9
Q

Process by which glycogens broken down by liver

A

Glycogenolysis

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10
Q

How is glucose transported to blood?

A

GLUT2 transporter

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11
Q

The Cori cycle

A

Lactate-pyruvate-glucose

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12
Q

Location of gluconeogenesis

A

Liver (kidneys)

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13
Q

Effects of insulin and starvation on albumin levels?

A

Insulin increases, starvation decreases. Levels are low in liver disease

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14
Q

How can plasma proteins be separated?

A

Simple electrophoresis

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15
Q

What is ceruloplasmin?

A

Alpha protein

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16
Q

What type of protein is retinol binding protein?

A

Alpha protein, transports vitamin A

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17
Q

Function of alpha proteins?

A

Transport lipoproteins, lipids, hormones and bilirubin

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18
Q

Example of a beta protein

A

Transferrin, transports iron

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19
Q

Protein which is the main determinant of plasma oncotic pressure?

A

Albumin (water soluble and negatively charged)

20
Q

Albumin levels in liver disease?

A

Low

21
Q

Fatty acids, bilirubin and thyroid hormones are transported by what?

A

These endogenous lipophilic substances are transported by albumin. Albumin also transports exogenous substances i.e drugs like aspirin

22
Q

How is iron stored in cells?

A

As ferritin

23
Q

How is copper transported?

A

Bound to ceruloplasmin. Copper is needed for regulation of redox reactions and for transport/use of iron.

24
Q

Are the steroid hormones and the T3/T4 hormones hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophobic

25
Q

How is thyroxine transported?

A

Thyroid-binding globulin (extended biological half life and increased plasma concentration)

26
Q

How is cortisol transported?

A

Cortisol-binding globulin (extended biological half-life and increased plasma concentration)

27
Q

Function of chylomicrons?

A

Transport of exogenous fat to liver

28
Q

Function of VLDL?

A

Transport of endogenous fat to peripheral tissues

29
Q

Function of IDL?

A

LDL precursor

30
Q

Function of LDL?

A

Transport of cholesterol to peripheral tissues

31
Q

Function of HDL?

A

Reverse cholesterol transport

32
Q

What vitamins and metal can the iron store?

A

Vitamins A, D and B. Iron (stored associated with Ferritin)

33
Q

How is vitamin A stored in the liver?

A

As retinol palmitate

34
Q

What is needed to make vitamin D, steroid hormones and bile acids?

A

Cholesterol

35
Q

Product of HMGcoA reductase?

A

Mevalonic acid

36
Q

Dietary cholesterol and intrahepatocyte cholesterol reduce activity of what enzyme?

A

HMGcoA reductase

37
Q

Which vitamin is important for regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism?

A

Vitamin D

38
Q

What is the most abundant form of vitamin D in the circulation?

A

Vitamin D3

39
Q

What steroid hormones are made from cholesterol?

A

Corticosteroids, androgens (testis), estrogens (ovary)

40
Q

What converts primary bile salts into secondary bile salts?

A

Bacteria

41
Q

What mmol/l is considered atherogenic for LDL?

A

above 4.1

42
Q

What annoying molecules are needed for cholesterol synthesis?

A

18 mol acetyl coA
16 mol NADPH
36 mol ATP

43
Q

Glycogen storage diseases

A

Glycogen stored in liver and muscle

44
Q

How are bilirubin, fatty acids and thyroid hormones transported in the body?

A

Bound to albumin

45
Q

Cholesterol is a precursor for which vitamin?

A

Vitamin D

46
Q

Role of vitamin D?

A

Calcium and phosphate metabolism

47
Q

What is the most abundant form of vitamin D in the body?

A

Vitamin D3

Biochemistry (4 decks)

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