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Histology > GI 2 > Flashcards

GI 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The Esophagus

A

Foregut organ is the organ that transports a food bolus from the pharynx to the stomach. The esoophagus is located in the thorax but only 1 cm is located in the abdomen.

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2
Q

What constitutes the mucosa layer of the esophagus?

A
  • Non keratinized stratified squamous epithelial line.
  • Glands are present at the proximal end and distal end of the esophagus in the lamina propria
  • These glands are called cardiac glands of the esophagus.
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3
Q

What do cardiac glands secrete?

A

They secrete mucus high in proteoglycans

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4
Q

What separates mucosa from submucosa?

A

The muscularis mucosa

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5
Q

What is found is found throughout the length of the esophagus?

A

The submucosal glands or esophageal glands. Use this to identify the esophagus.
-The cells in these glands secrete proteoglycan-rich mucus.

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6
Q

How does proteoglycan-rich mucus reach the epithelial surface from the submucosal glands?

A

through ducts within the mucosa that open onto the epithelial surface through ducts within the mucosa that open onto the epithelial surface.

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7
Q

What is the distribution of muscles in the esophagus?

A
  • The muscularis externa fibers are skeletal in upper third
  • combination of smooth and skeletal in middle third
  • smooth muscle only in the bottom 1/3
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8
Q

What is the esophageal aventitia?

A

-The adventitia has thick tunic of connective tissue that binds it to the trachea.

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9
Q

What is the embryonic relationship between the trachea and esophagus?

A

ASK DR. COTTER

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10
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

Its a foregut organ that functions in the mechanical breakup of food into a semi-liquid called chyme. following physical breakdown of food, chemical digestion of food in the stomach begin.

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11
Q

How do gastric glands in the stomach aid in chemical digestion?

A

By secreting almost 2 liters of fluid everyday.

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12
Q

What are the rugae?

A

Wen mucosa of stomach is active its thrown into irregular folds known as the rugae. It consisits of lining epithelium of simple columnar that secretes a protective layer of mucus high in proteoglycans.

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13
Q

What type of glands is found in the cardiac region?

A

Small region that surrounds the esophageal orfice.

-The mucosal glands in that region are simple or branched tubular cardiac glands, containing cells that

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14
Q

What type of glands are found in the fundus of the stomach?

A

Branched tubular glands that have functionally distinct zones.

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15
Q

What marks the entrance of mucosal glands of the fundus?

A

Small depressions in the epithelium (gastric pits) marks the entrance to these glands. The characteristic of the fundus is that the glands are long and these depressions are short.

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16
Q

What is the part of the glands of the fundus that connects to each gastric pit?

A

Its known as the neck of the gland. The base of the gland then extends downward from the neck through the lamina propria to the level of muscularis mucosae.

17
Q

What are the 5 different types of cell found in the mucosal glands of the fundus?

A

1.Mucous neck cells
2.Undifferentiated stem cells.
3.Parietal cells
4. chief cells
5 enteriendocrine cells

18
Q

What is the function of the mucous neck cells?

A

Located in the neck it secretes mucus high in acidic proteoglycans. They are somewhat shorter than surface epithelial cells and they contain fewer secretory droplets than surface cells.

19
Q

What is the function of the undefferentiated stem cells?

A

They are located in the neck of each gland near the base of the pit where they divide by mitosis to form new epithelial and gland cells (Except enteroendocrine cells.) and migrate tot he surface to make surface cells. Few cells goes deeper to replenish chief cells and partietel cells which have longer life than surface cells.

20
Q

What is the life span of surface cells>

A

3-5 days.

21
Q

What is the function of parietel cells?

A
  • Parietal cells secrete H+ and CL-, reducing the PH of gastric juice to 1.5-2.0. HCL detotoxifies incoming chyme and provides the correct PH for gastric enzymes to activate.
  • Parietal cells also secrete intrinsinc factor, a glycoprotein that binds acidly to vitamen B12 to form a complex thats absorbed in the ileum.
22
Q

What is the location and characteristics of parietal cells under the light microscope?

A

Found predominantly in the upper part of the body of gastric glands. They are large, pale and round or pyramid in shape. They are characterized by one or two central nuclei with an acidophilic cytoplasm and large mitochondria.

23
Q

What are the characteristics of Parietal cells in the EM

A

deep invaginations of their apical surface. This invagination penetrates the cell extensively to prodice a complicated intracellular canaliculus.

24
Q

What is secreted across intercellular canaliculus in parietal cells?

A

H+ and Cl-.
-When the parietal cells are not actively secreting HCL a complex tubuvascular system is visible but it disapears when the cell is active and microvilli reapear within the canlicular space.

25
Q

What are chief cells of the stomach?

A
  • zymogenic cells (Enzyme producing cells). Located predominantly in the lower portion of the body of the gland.
  • Smaller than parietal cells and have basophllic cytoplasm due to higher content of RER.
26
Q

What do chief cells in the stomach secrete?

A
  • Granules in the apical cytoplasm of chief cells contain the inactive proenzyme pepsinogen.
  • Chief cells also secrete gastric lipase and rennin.
27
Q

What is the active form of pepsinogen

A

Pepsin and its active in the acidic enviroment.

28
Q

What are enteroendocrine cells?

A

Tiny endocrine glands that secrete smalle polypeptide hormones within the stomach that has a regional effect.

29
Q

How many enzymes have been identified in enteroendocrine?

A

More than 20 hormones by immunocytochemical staining.

30
Q

What are the glands of the pylorus?

A

Pyloric glands have long gastric pits and short endpieces. most of the pyloric glands are mucous cells and secrete mucus and lysozymes. The predominant enteroendocrine cell in this region produces gastrin (G cells). G cells are typically found at the base of the glands.

31
Q

What demarcates the mucosa and submucosa?

A

The muscularis mucosae.

32
Q

What forms the subuocosa of the stomach?

A

Typical , connective tissue, vessels and submucosal plexus.

33
Q

What is the muscularis externa of stomach?

A

-inner oblique (Most developed in body and cardiac region), middle circular and outer longtiudinal. The middle circular layer is thickened to form the pyloric sphicter.

34
Q

What is the serosa of the stomach?

A

Layer of visceral peritoneum continous with the greater and lesser omenta.

Histology (4 decks)

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