GI Flashcards
Name the Major Layers of the Gastrointestinal Tract in order from deep to superficial.
Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis, Serosa
Not a layer of the GI tract but recently classified (2016) as a new organ, the _________ attaches your intestines to the wall of the abdomen. It keeps the intestines in place, preventing them from collapsing down into the pelvic area and provides a structure for important circulation pathways.
Mesentery
The Mesentery is Attached superiorly to the posterior ________ _____ along an oblique line running from the left side of the body of the second lumbar vertebra to the right sacroiliac joint.
Abdominal wall
The ________ ______ _______, is a quasi-autonomous part of the nervous system and includes a number of neural circuits that control motor functions, local blood flow, mucosal transport and secretions, and modulates immune and endocrine functions.
Enteric/Intrinsic Nervous System
The _____ nerve, which is responsible for most of the parasympathetic innervation of the digestive system, travels through the diaphragm as part of the esophageal tract.
Vagus
Activation of the vagus nerve indirectly causes the stomach’s parietal cells to secrete ________________________.
Gastric acid
Which phase of gastric function is regulated by the vagus nerve and lasts approximately 30 minutes?
The Cephalic Phase
The goal of the ______ phase of gastric function is to release HCl and proteolytic enzymes into the stomach.
Gastric Phase
The _________ Phase causes inhibition of gastric activity due to:
- Neural reflex: stretch of the duodenum inhibits gastric motility and secretion.
- Hormonal: fat in the chyme stimulates an inhibitory hormone (it is not clear what this hormone is).
Intestinal Phase
________ in duodenum stimulates:
- Gastric inhibition
- Pancreatic secretion – neutralizes HCl in duodenum
- Bile secretion – aids in digestion of lipids in small intestine
Chyme
________: stimulated by a drop in duodenal pH; results in HCO3 (bicarbonate) secretion by pancreas and bile secretion from gall bladder
Secretin
____________: stimulated by fats and proteins in duodenum; results in pancreatic secretion of enzymes and bile secretion from gall bladder
Cholecystokinin
T/F: Cold sores are highly contagious
True
T/F: A cold sore indicates a compromised immune system.
True
T/F: Canker sores are not typically considered clinically significant.
True
The __________________ is an area of smooth muscle in the esophagus.
Muscularis mucosa
The proximal 1/3 of the esophagus is striated muscle and features the ______ __________ _______.
Upper esophageal sphincter (UES)
The distal 2/3 of the esophagus is _______ muscle.
Smooth Muscle
As the thoracic esophagus enters the abdomen through the _________ ______ of the diaphragm, it becomes the abdominal esophagus.
Esophageal hiatus
The mastication process involves taste, temperature, touch, and proprioceptive senses to form a _____ of the right size and consistency.
Bolus
Relaxation of the _________ muscle allows the bolus to pass into the esophagus. When this muscle closes, the LES will open.
Cricopharyngeus
The final phase of the swallowing process is under the control of the brainstem and the ________ _______. A peristaltic wave beginning in the pharynx pushes the bolus sequentially from the cervical esophagus down through the LES and into the stomach.
Myenteric plexus
________ refers to difficulty swallowing (painful swallowing is referred to as odynophagia)
Dysphagia
Protrusion of a portion of the stomach through the diaphragmatic esophageal hiatus into thoracic cavity.
Hiatal Hernia
T/F: The stomach is the body’s chief organ for food storage and nutrient absorption.
False: Little food absobption happens in the stomach.
The most common cause of gastritis is a _________ ________ infection.
Helicobacter Pylori
Inflammation of the gastric mucosa (stomach lining) is called __________.
Gastritis
A ______ _____ is a circumscribed ulceration of the mucous membrane of the esophagus, stomach or duodenum, penetrating through the muscularis mucosa, occurring in areas exposed to acid and pepsin.
Peptic ulcer
Three regions of Small Intestine:
- ________:~30cm(1ft)long, absorption
- _______: ~3.7m (12ft) long, absorbs almost everything
- ______: ~2.4m( 8ft) long, absorbs bile salts, vitamin B12, water, electrolytes
- Duodenum
- Jejunum
- Ileum
Surface of small intestine consists of _______________, featuring columnar epithelial cells with microvilli to increase surface area
Villi
Bowel _____________ is how long it takes for the food to move from the mouth to the anus.
Bowel Transit Time
The average transit time through the colon in someone who is not constipated is ___ to ___ hours. Up to a maximum of 72 hours is still considered normal.
30 to 40 hours
Depending on diet, age, and daily activity, regularity can be _____ bowel movements a day to _____ a week.
Three bowel movements a day to three a week.
Most common cause of Gastroenteritis (“Stomach Flu”) is virus, particularly ____________ or rotavirus. Rotavirus is the most common cause of diarrhea in infants and young children.
Norovirus
To help reduce IBS symptoms, someone might consider a ______________ diet
Low-FODMAPS diet
___________ ________ ________ is an idiopathic disease, possibly involving an immune reaction of the body to its own intestinal tract
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
There are two major types of IBD:
- _______ ______: can involve any segment of the GI tract, from the mouth to the anus and multiple layers of the tract
- ________ ______ : primarily affects the colon mucosa
- Crohn’s Disease
2. Ulcerative Colitis
A patient may have an ileostomy or colostomy bag on their abdomen, which attaches to a ______, a small, pinkish circular opening sewn to the body that connects to the digestive system.
Stoma
Diverticulitis is a condition of the large intestine featuring the development of multiple, small __________ (out-pouchings) through the muscular wall of the mucosa
Diverticula
The area most affected by Diverticulitis is the _______ _____ as it has the highest intraluminal pressure.
Sigmoid Colon
McBurney’s Point: approx. 2/3 way from _______ to right _____.
McBurney’s Point: approx. 2/3 way from umbilicus to right ASIS
An autoimmune disorder that results in damage to the lining of the small intestine. Triggered by ingestion of grains that contain gluten (including wheat, barley and rye).
Celiac Disease
_____ is a general term used to describe a benign (non-cancerous) epithelial neoplasm
(growth) protruding into the intestinal lumen.
Polyp
Polyps with a stalk are
called ______.
Polyps without a stalk
are called ______, and are more concerning.
Polyps with a stalk are
called pedunculated.
Polyps without a stalk
are called sessile.
Nearly all malignant polyps are of the _________ type.
Adenomatous
The Liver is mainly on the _____ side of the trunk, under the ribs, attached by ligaments to the diaphragm.
Right
______ ______: a branch of the celiac trunk, delivers O2- rich blood to the liver parenchyma
Hepatic arteries
________ _____: returns deoxygenated blood from liver to inferior vena cava.
Hepatic Vein
______ ____: carries nutrient-rich, oxygen-poor blood from the GI tract to the liver
Portal vein
80% to 90% of consumed alcohol is metabolized by the ______, the rest is excreted by skin, lungs and kidneys.
Liver
Fatty liver is characterized by the accumulation of fat in hepatocytes, a condition called _________________.
Steatosis.
T/F: Fatty Liver is reversible.
True
_________ represents the end stage of chronic liver disease, with functional hepatocytes being replaced by fibrous tissue (hepatic fibrosis), leading to diffuse fibrosis and nodular regeneration of hepatocytes (in most patients, cirrhosis is not a reversible process)
Cirrhosis
Skin _______________________ (“paper money skin”)
Telangiectasias
________ ___________: brain edema due to disruption of the blood-brain barrier, resulting in confusion, disorientation, amnesia, intellectual impairment and a depressed level of consciousness, possible coma
Hepatic encephalopathy
________ is a general term referring to inflammation of the liver.
Hepatitis
In what phase of hepatitis would you expect to see jaundice?
- Icterus Phase
_________ is defined as an accumulation of excessive fluid within the peritoneal cavity
Ascites
A disorder of motor/muscular function of the biliary system.
Hypokinetic GallBladder / Biliary Dyskinesia
Occurring after physical activity (common in athletes). Paroxysmal pain (biliary colic) referring to right upper quadrant and epigastric region.
Hyperkinetic (spastic) Gallbladder
Presence of stones in the gallbladder.
Cholelithiasis
Once the stones become symptomatic, a ________________ (removal of the gall bladder) is usually performed.
Cholecystectomy
