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germany pre hitler Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 3 reich of Germany?

A

1st reich = Holy Roman Empire
2nd reich = Prussian unification
3rd reich = nazis

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2
Q

who were the junkers

A

the ruling class who were rich aristocratic landowners

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3
Q

when was the franco-prussian war

A

1870

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4
Q

what is the bundesrat

A

local government body - each state sent representatives to consult with the Kaiser over laws

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5
Q

what is the reichstag

A

German parliament with powers over taxation and voted on the Kaiser’s laws

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6
Q

who was the first Kaiser of Germany

A

Wilhelm I

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7
Q

who was the son of Wilhelm I

A

fritz

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8
Q

who was Wilhelm I’s grandson

A

Wilhelm II

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9
Q

who became the chancellor of Prussia in 1862

A

Otto von Bismarck

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10
Q

what happened at Wilhelm’s birth

A

he was a breech birth and stuck, his left arm was left disabled

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11
Q

how long did fritz rule as kaiser and how did he die

A

he only ruled for 99 days and died of cancer

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12
Q

when did Wilhelm II become kaiser

A

1888 (age 29)

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13
Q

who did Wilhelm sack in 1890 and what were the consequence of it

A

he sacked von Bismarck which damaged alliances with russia

russia became allies with France meaning Germany had to turn to the brits

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14
Q

what is a trade union

A

group of workers join unions which protect workers rights and hold the government to account

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15
Q

what is the SPD

A

the Social Democratic Party - a party in the reichstag that called for democratic reform

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16
Q

what is weltpolitik

A

an aggressive German foreign policy meaning ‘world policy’

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17
Q

what is a ‘place in the sun’?

A

German policy of building overseas colonies

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18
Q

when was Germany unified and where did the ceremony happen

A

germany was unified in 1871 in the hall of mirrors in the palace of versailles

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19
Q

what was the naval race

A

a competition between Germany and England to build the most ships

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20
Q

what territory did France lose in the franco-prussian war

A

alsace lorraine

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21
Q

how did Wilhelm develop Germany’s economy

A

wilhelm pushed the rapid industrialisation of Germany and by 1913 it had one of the strongest economies in Europe

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22
Q

how did Wilhelm deal with socialism and trade unions

A

he introduced some social reforms and laws to improve worker’s rights only to undermine support for socialism

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23
Q

who was Wilhelm’s foreign minister

A

Von Bulow

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24
Q

what were German battleships called

A

dreadnoughts

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25
Q

when were the naval laws passed

A

1898 and 1912

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26
Q

who advised Wilhelm to pass the naval laws

A

Admiral Von Tirpitz

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27
Q

who’s assassination led to world war 1 breaking out

A

Archduke Franz-Ferdinand (heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne)

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28
Q

when did WW1 break out

A

28 July 1914

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29
Q

what is the Schieffen Plan

A

Germany attack France through neutral Belgium to avoid fighting on two fronts but this plan backfires

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30
Q

what is the battle of Jutland

A

naval battle between Germany and England which Germany loses

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31
Q

why did the USA get involved in the war

A

German u-boats were sinking US ships while trying to starve Britain

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32
Q

when was the Kiel mutiny

A

28 October 1918

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33
Q

what was the Kiel mutiny

A

sailors refusing to follow orders and fight

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34
Q

when did the kaiser abdicate

A

9 November 1918

35
Q

who becomes the leader of Germany after the kaiser abdicates

A

Friedrich Ebert, the leader of the SPD

36
Q

when does Germany surrender and sign an armistice

A

11 November 1918

37
Q

what changes to the government were made after the kaiser abdicates

A

fair and free elections will be held in the reichstag which will form the new government (all men and women over the age of 20 could vote)

38
Q

what were germanys problems after the war (name 5)

A
  • rapid industrialisation
    leads to a lack of agricultural and therefore a shortage of food
  • pre-war economy
    money that was spent on the naval race and weltpolitik meaning Germany was in dept and bankrupt
  • post-war economy
    the war cost a lot of money and reparations need to be paid
  • foreign affairs
    poor relationship with the most powerful countries
  • political affairs
    rise in socialism and trade unions led to opposition to the autocratic reign under the kaiser
39
Q

what was the social state of Germany like after the war

A
  • 600,000 widows
  • 2 million children without fathers
  • most people were living on less than 1000 calories
  • killer strain of the flu killing nearly 500,000 German citizens
40
Q

what was the political state of Germany like after the war

A

communism growing in popularity
many ex soldiers felt betrayed
true democracy was a new idea and people were struggling to adjust
stab in the back myth

41
Q

what was the economic state of Germany like after the war

A

loans to pay back to America
industry was exhausted
national income was 1/3 of what is was in 1913
industrial production was about 2/3 of what it was in 1913

42
Q

how often was a president elected in the Weimar Republic

A

every 7 years

43
Q

what was the role of the chancellor

A

the chancellor was someone chosen by the president, normally the leader of the biggest party in the reichstag, who would run the country on a day to day basis

44
Q

how often was the parliament elected and by who

A

the parliament would be elected by the people of Germany every 4 years

45
Q

name 4 different features of the constitution

A
  • equal rights to vote
  • proportional representation
  • strong presidential powers
  • article 48
46
Q

why was proportional representation a possible weakness

A

there were too many different parties and because 51% of votes was required to pass laws it took too long to make decisions leading to very regular elections
also panders to extremist parties

47
Q

what is article 48

A

part of the constitution that stated that in the case of urgent action being necessary in an emergency, the president could bypass the chancellor and reichstag to make laws directly

48
Q

what is proportional representation

A

where the number of MPs a political party has in the reichstag directly reflects the % of voters they get

49
Q

why was article 48 a possible weakness

A

it is a backdoor to dictatorship as it gives the president too much power

50
Q

what extremist parties were in the reichstag

A

the KPD (communist party) and the Nazis (the national socialist german worker’s party)

51
Q

name some of the more central groups in the reichstag

A

SPD (social democratic party)
TCP (zentrum)
DVP (the peoples party)
DNVP (the national peoples party)

52
Q

when was the spartacist uprising

A

6th January 1919

53
Q

who led the spartacist uprising

A

communists Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht

54
Q

what were the causes of the spartacist uprising

A

the communists weren’t happy with the current government and wanted a revolution, they also wanted to replace the reichstag with a workers council

55
Q

what happened during the spartacist uprising

A
  • 100,000 protestors went on strike and demonstrated in the streets of Berlin
  • newspaper and communication buildings were seized
  • many protesters went back home frustrated at the lack of planning
  • freikorps were employed to put an end to the uprising
  • over a 100 workers were killed
56
Q

what happened after the spartacist uprising

A

Rosa Luxembourg and Karl Leibknecht were both brutally murdered and communists begin to develop a hatred towards the social democrats

57
Q

when was the kapp putsch

A

march 1920

58
Q

who led the kapp putsch

A

Wolfgang Kapp

59
Q

who are the freikorps

A

ex-soliders who couldn’t be in the army anymore because of the ToV

60
Q

what caused the kapp putsch

A

right-wing soldiers and nationalists were furious over the terms of the ToV and were also unhappy with the new government

61
Q

what happened during the kapp putsch

A
  • 5000 freikorps sieze Berlin
  • the regular army refuses to attack the kapp putsch
  • is ended by a communist workers strike
62
Q

what happened after the kapp putsch

A
  • kapp flees to exile in Sweden

- the communists continue their strike known as the ‘red rising’ but it is then crushed by the freikorps

63
Q

how else did other germans oppose the WR

A
  • assassinations between 1919-1922, over 350 political murders like Matthias Erzberger and Walter Rathenau
  • chemical attacks being throw on Philip Scheidemann (chancellor)
64
Q

who were the big 3

A

USA, Britain and France

65
Q

who were the leaders of the big 3 countries

A

David Lloyd George
Georges Clemenceau
Woodrow Wilson

66
Q

when was the treaty of versailles signed

A

28th June 1919

67
Q

where was the treaty of versailles signed

A

hall of mirrors in the palace of versailles

68
Q

what were the terms of the treaty of versailles

A

T - territory lost
10% land lost like Alsace Lorraine which they won before WW1
6.7 million population lost
1.5 million Germans now live in majority jewish Poland

R - reparations
132 billion gold marks or £6.6 billion but this was later reduced
forced to pay for all the damages

A - army restrictions 
only 100,000 allowed in the army 
6 battleships 
no submarines 
no airforce 
navy limited to 15,000
rhineland has foreign armies on it

W - war guilt clause
article 231 blames Germany for the war and the aftermath

L - League of Nations
Germany wasn’t allowed in the LoN

69
Q

how did Germany react to the ToV

A
  • everyone was angry over the harsh terms even the politicians that signed it
  • was called a ‘diktat’ meaning dictated peace
  • most germans believed that they didn’t really lose
70
Q

why did the French and Belgium invade the Ruhr

A

Germany wasn’t able to pay their reparations that year (1923)

71
Q

what happened during the invasion of the Ruhr

A

60,000 soldiers invade the region and because germanys army was restricted they didn’t have the means to fight back, they then took control of every factory, mine and railway

72
Q

how did the germans fight against the invasion of the Ruhr

A

Ebert orders a strike and passive resistance which works but the French become violent and 132 are killed + 15000 evicted from their homes

73
Q

how does the German government help the workers in the Ruhr

A

they print more money to pay the workers despite not producing anything

74
Q

what are the consequences of the German government printing more money

A

the prices of things start to go up quickly and the value of the German mark decreases

75
Q

in November 1923, what was the price of a loaf of bread

A

201 billion

76
Q

who is Gustav Stresemann and how does he temporarily solve the hyperinflation problem

A

he was the newly appointed chancellor and foreign minister in 1923 and he decides to burn all the old money and introduce a new currency called the rentenmark

77
Q

when was the munich putsch

A

November 9th 1923

78
Q

what was the munich putsch

A

a violent attempt by the Nazis, led by Hitler, to overthrow the Weimar Republic

79
Q

what were the causes of the munich putsch

A
  • hyperinflation
  • south Germany was more right wing
  • humiliating terms of TofV
  • invasion of the Ruhr
  • November criminals
80
Q

describe the events of the munich putsch

A
  • Hitler invaded the beer hall that Kahr was giving a speech in
  • threatened Kahr to support him
  • Ludendorff arrived in support of Hitler
  • Hitler and Ludendorff led 2000 Nazis to the city centre however Kahr had betrayed them and the German army was waiting for them
  • 3 policemen and 16 Nazis died
81
Q

what happened to hitler after the munich putsch

A

he was arrested and sent to 5 years in prison at Landsberg however only served 9 months

82
Q

what did hitler do while at Landsberg

A

he wrote his best selling book ‘Mein Kampf’

83
Q

what were the negative outcomes/consequences of the munich putsch

A
  • doesn’t achieve its aims
  • hitler was imprisoned
  • leadership of the Nazi party was in chaos
  • hitler was banned from public speaking until 1927
84
Q

what were the positive outcomes of the munich putsch

A
  • the trial gave hitler a national platform
  • hitler write ‘Mein Kampf’
  • media coverage
  • nazis learn that they can’t seize power so they must win it

history (8 decks)

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