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History > Germany in Inter-War Years > Flashcards

Germany in Inter-War Years Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the ‘Dolchstoss’?

A

The stab in the back. The German people felt they were winning WW1 so they felt betrayed by the Weimar Republics surrender.

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2
Q

What was the Treaty of Versailles’ asks of Germany?

A
  • Taken away all land and colonies
  • Armed forces reduced and given limits
  • War guilt clause
  • £6.6 billion reparations
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3
Q

When Germany was unable to pay reparations due to Hyperinflation what did French and Belgian troops do?

A

Take over the Ruhr Industrial Region, which held coal and iron.
This ignited nationalism

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4
Q

Who was known as the ‘Hunger Chancellor’ and why?

A

Heinrich Brüning.

Serving from 1930 he was uncharge during the Great Depression and cut wages and government spending while increasing tax. Unemployment soared, people relied on soup kitchens. People joined extreme political groups like Communist groups or SA.

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5
Q

What were the main ideas in ‘Mein Kampf’?

A
  • Superiority of the Aryan Race
  • Importance of Propaganda
  • Importance of Lebensraum (living space)
  • The danger of Communism and Socialism
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6
Q

When Hitler was appointed Chancellor what events took place before the 1933 General election and what percentage of the votes did the nazi party win?

A
  • Nazi’s carry out intense Propaganda and Intimidation campaign
  • Reichstag building burned down, blamed on Communist Van Der Lubbe. Nazi’s blame Communist plot
  • They won 43.8 percent of the vote
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7
Q

When did Hitler introduce the Enabling Act and what did it do?

What details about the voting is important?

A

23rd March, 1933

Allowed him to rule by decree

  • Passed 441 votes to 94
  • SS stopped Communists voting
  • Other parties were banned after it passed and newspapers shut down
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8
Q

Who did Hitler have killed on ‘The Night of Long Knives’?

A

Ernst Röhm ( spoke out against replacing German army with SS)

Senior Army Generals against this policy

Members of the KPD (Communist Party) and SPD (Social Democrats)

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9
Q

When did Hitler became known as ‘the Führer’?

A

When President Hindenberg died and 88 percent of the electorate voted to combine the offices of President and Chancellor.

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10
Q

What was Goebbels belief about Propaganda and what was the basis of Nazi Propaganda?

A

“rank and file are usually much more primitive then we imagine. Propaganda must therefore always be essentially simple and repetitive”

  • Germans were Herrenvolk (Master Race)
  • Threat posed by sub-humans (Jews, Gypsies and Homosexuals, Slavs and Roma)
  • Importance of Lebensraum
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11
Q

What was Goebbel’s title?

A

Reich Minister of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda?

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12
Q

What were the various forms through which Propaganda was exercised?

A
  • Newspapers and Books
  • Art
  • Radio
  • Cinema
  • Cult of Personality
  • The Youth
  • Nuremberg Rallies
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13
Q

Explain Propaganda in Newspapers and Books?

A
  • Publication controlled by Party
  • May 1933, first mass burning of books (jewish authors or showing Jews in good light
  • One official news outlet, others shut down
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14
Q

Explain Propaganda in Art and Radio?

A
  • Modern Art labelled as degenerate
  • Exhibitions held to ridicule it (Otto Dix one artist)
  • Production of German radios with only German channels, Volksempfänger(peoples receivers)
  • 1939 highest Radio Ownership in the world
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15
Q

Explain Propaganda in Cinema and the Cult of Personality?

A
  • Newsreels of Germany’s successes
  • Leni Riefenstahl, Propaganda film maker, 1934 Nuremberg Rally, Olympia, Berlin Olympics, anti-Semitic content
  • Posters and Imagery of Hitler
  • Fascism strong leader, “Absolute trust in a wise and able leader”-Hitler
  • ‘Ein Reich, Ein Volk, Ein Führer’, One Empire, One People, One Leader
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16
Q

Explain the Propaganda of the Youth and the Youth Resistance?

A
  • “He alone who owns the Youth gains the Future”-Hitler
  • By 1937, all teachers had to belong to Nazi Party
  • Taught racial science, Anti-Semitic history, obedience to State and Physical fitness
  • Boys joined Hitler Youth, Girls joined League of German Maidens
  • ‘Swingers’ Teens partaking in British and American Culture
  • disrupted Hitler Youth Patrols, badly punished if caught
  • Some hung publicly during war
17
Q

What was Hitler’s architect called and what was their theory about the architecture they built?

Name two of his works?

A

Albert Speer, That what they built should have ‘Ruin Value’

Giant Wooden framed eagle behind podium in 1933
Cathedral of Light, 152 anti-aircraft guns at 12m intervals in 1934

18
Q

How many people attended the Nuremberg Rallies and what were their purpose?

A

At least 500,000 each year

They started as ways to showcase the strength of the Nazi Party but became a way to glorify Hitler and Nazism. Members of the SS, SA and Party Officials were there. The Blutfahne and Nazi flag(now German flag were shown). It emphasised the Cult of Personality of Hitler with his orchestrated speeches (Wagner and Triumph of the Will, “The Party is HItler! Hitler is Germany”

19
Q

At which Nuremberg rally were the Nuremberg Race Laws presented and what did they entail?

A

1935, The Rally for Freedom

  • defined what it was to be Jewish
  • made marriages and sex between Jews and Gentiles illegal
  • Removed German citizenship from anyone with one jewish grandparent
20
Q

Who was the Head of the SS and what did they do?

A

Heinrich Himmler

Carry out racial policies and police opposition

21
Q

When and which was the first concentration camp opened and what was it’s original purpose?

A

1933, Dachau

House political and ordinary prisoners, forced labour for limited sentences

22
Q

When and who established the Gestapo?

What did they do?

A

1933, Herman Göring

Investigated political opponents, maintained state security and counter-intelligence

23
Q

Hitler quote about Christianity?

A

“One can either be a German or a Christian. You can’t be both.” (not said publicly)

24
Q

Who and when was the Concordat with the Catholic Church signed by and what did it entail?

A

Von Papen, July 1933

  • Church can stay in Germany providing education
  • Bishops must take oath of loyalty to president of the Reich
  • Clergy forbidden from engaging in Political activity
25
Q

How did Hitler disempower the Catholic Church and what was the response?

A
  • Hitler Youth Groups intimidating Church Youth groups
  • Parents pressured to have kids leave Catholic schools
  • Church secession campaigns
  • Immorality trials to discredit and imprison clergy

Pope Pius XI issued ‘Mit Brennender Sorge’ (with Burning Anguish) in which he denounced Nazi’s for breaking the Concordat and urged Catholics to resist

26
Q

Which Member of the Catholic Church denounced Germany’s Euthanasia Policy and when?

A

Bishop of Münster August von Galen, 1941

27
Q

What changes were put onto the Protestant Church under Hitler’s rule?

A
  • Bible could not be published or given to congregations
  • Crucifixes and Bibles removed from all churches
  • A copy of ‘Mein Kampf’ and a sword were to be placed on every altar
  • All clergy had to be loyal to Hitler as the New Messiah
  • Pastors had to wear SS or SA uniform
28
Q

Who set up the Confessional Church and what was it?

A

Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Martin Niemöller

It was a split off from the Protestant Church who felt Nazism was incompatible with Christianity

29
Q

How did Hitler respond to the Confessing Church?

A

Set up Ministry of Church affairs to repress them. Between 1933 and 1945 more than 6,000 clergymen were jailed or executed.

30
Q

What was Aktion t4?

A

A policy whereby patients found incurably ill were Euthanised, this meant disabled people, mentally ill people. Between 1939-1941, 70,000 patients were killed. Their death certificates were falsified.

31
Q

What were some actions taken against the Jewish People in Nazi Germany?

A
  • Jewish Businesses attacked and boycotted
  • Not allowed work as doctors, teachers or judges
  • Goebbels art exhibition, the ‘Eternal Jew’ by 1939 400,000 had seen it
  • Nuremberg race laws
32
Q

What was the cause of the Night of Shattered glass (Kristallnacht) ?

A

7the November 1938, German Embassy Official, Ernst Von Rath, was shot by a Jewish man, Herschel Gtynszpan, in Paris

33
Q

When did Kristallnacht take place and what was the affect for the Jewish Community?

A

9th/10th November 1938

  • 7,500 businesses were destroyed
  • 200 synagogues wrecked
  • 30,000 men arrested
  • 100 Jewish people died
  • Jewish Community fined 1 billion marks for damage caused
34
Q

How did unemployment drop between 1932 and 1936?

A

In 1932 there was 6 million unemployed, by 1936 it was 2.5 million. It dropped further with conscription.

35
Q

What Economic policies were carried out under Hitler?

A
  • National Labour Front introduced obligatory 6 month service, for minimum wage food and accommodation between 18-25
  • Women encouraged to stay at home and adhere to three k’s, kinder kuche Kirche
  • Law for encouragement of Marriage rewarded women quitting jobs when married
  • Public works including Motorways
  • Volkswagen (peoples car) introduced
36
Q

What did Hitler’s 4 year Economic plan(1934-8) entail and what were it’s results?

A
  • Increase Iron, Coal, Steel production
  • Increase agricultural input
  • Speed up Germany’s rearmament
  • Autarky (self sufficiency) controlling imports and exports
  • Wages increased by 20percent
  • Germany did not become self sufficient

History (4 decks)

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