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Germany Flashcards

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1
Q

what happened at the end of oct. 1918?

A

german navy mutinied

fighting spread thru germany in winter 1918-19

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2
Q

who was the kaiser/emperor?

A

kaiser wilhelm

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3
Q

when did the kaiser abdicate?

A

november 1918

chancellor ebert declared germany a republic

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4
Q

explain the spartacist’s revolution

A

jan 1919
wanted communism
leibknecht and luxemburg
freikorps suppressed them

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5
Q

explain kapp putsch

A 
1920
kapp
ebert reduced freikorps numbers
ended by general strike of workers
kapp fled abroad
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6
Q

reasons for french occupation of the ruhr

A

1922 -> ger. didnt pay reparations
1923 -> french & belgian troops invaded ruhr
they took coal and steel

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7
Q

when did stressemen become chancellor?

A

1923

he introduced rentenmark

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8
Q

dawes plan

A

1924
reparations reduced
USA to give ger. loans

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9
Q

young plan

A

1929
reparations reduced to £1850 million
to be paid over timescale of 59 years

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10
Q

locarno pact

A

1925
ger. signed pact with : UK, france, belgium, italy
will respect borders
solve problems peacefully

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11
Q

league of nations

A

1926
other countries let ger. join
showed they were gaining trust worldwide

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12
Q

wage increase in 1920s?

A

10%

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13
Q

who lost savings in 1923?

A

middle class

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14
Q

how many new houses built?

A

2 million

living standards improved

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15
Q

kellog-briand pact

A

1928
ger. + 64 nations signed
promised to only use armies for self defence

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16
Q

how many female teachers and doctors by 1933?

A

100,000 teachers
3,000 doctors
new fashions let them drink and smoke

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17
Q

examples of development in culture

A

otto dix
george grosz
bauhaus design
metropolis

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18
Q

when did hitler join DAP (ger. worker’s party)?

A

1919

failed artist

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19
Q

what were the effects of french occupation of the ruhr?

A 
inflation from WW I worsened
workers on passive resistance -> govt printed money to pay them
but less new goods produced
hyperinflation 
young boy shot
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20
Q

who created DAP?

A

anton drexler

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21
Q

when did the DAP become NSDAP?

A

1920

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22
Q

when did hitler become leader of nazi party?

A

1921

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23
Q

explain 25 point programme

A 
unite all germans to create a greater germany
scrap T of V
nationalise businesses
generous old age pensions
strip jews of citizenship
designed to appeal to all
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24
Q

role of SA

A

protected nazi meetings
private army under rohm
beat up political opponents

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25
Q

when was munich putsch?

A

1923

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26
Q

reasons for munich putsch?

A

hitler hated WR
saw it as weak after ruhr invasion + hyperinflation
angry stresemen ended pasive resistance

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27
Q

consequences for munich putsch

A 
16 nazis died
hitler put on trial
his speeches gained publicity from court
found guilty of treason -> sentenced to 5 yrs
only served 9 months
hitler wrote mein kampf
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28
Q

how many people held hostage in beer hall?

A

2,000

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29
Q

why did nazi support decrease between 1924-28?

A

economy improved under stresemen
people happier
hitler seen as dangerous extremist

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30
Q

when did nazi party relaunch/reorganise?

A

1925

hitler released from prison

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31
Q

when were gauleiters introduced?

A

1925

after hitler left prison

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32
Q

events of bamberg conference

A 
1926
goebbels became gauleiter of berlin
rohm forced to resign
SS created
Hitler Youth created
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33
Q

why did unemployment increase?

A

1929 wall street crash -> great depression

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34
Q

how many were unemployed by 1932

A

6 million

many homeless roaming the streets

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35
Q

why did WR fail to solve unemployment?

A

didn’t want to print more money to avoid debt
raised taxes
reduced benefits
situation got worse

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36
Q

why did communist support grow?

A

some wanted communist takeover like in USSR

communist party became 2nd biggest after nazis

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37
Q

why did nazi support start to grow again?

A 
middle class feared communist revolution, crime and disorder
hitler promised to deal with these issues
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38
Q

when did nazi propaganda begin?

A

1929

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39
Q

who was head of propaganda?

A

goebbels

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40
Q

state methods of propaganda

A

mass rallies
posters
newspapers
news reels before movies -> cinema was popular

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41
Q

why was nazi propaganda useful?

A

messages were simple and easy to understand

focused on hitler

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42
Q

when was rohm reappointed leader of SA?

A

1929

43
Q

work of SA 1929-33

A

protect nazi meetings
break up communist meetings
had many fights

44
Q

explain von-papen’s deal

A

made chancellor in 1932 -> didn’t have majority
made deal with Hindenburg
hitler to become chancellor
von-papen to become vice chancellor

45
Q

events of munich putsch

A 
marched into beer hall
2,000 help hostage
next day marched into munich
stopped by police
16 nazis killed
hitler shot in the arm and later captured by police
46
Q

what are gauleiters?

A

in charge of gaues (areas)

47
Q

when did hitler leave prison?

A

1925

48
Q

when was the SS created?

A

1926

49
Q

explain political situation in 1932

A

chancellor bruning had little support
pres. hindenburg ruled by decree
bruning stepped down
von papen became pres. but only had 68 seats
von papen arranged 2 elections but didnt gain seats
von papen suggested abolishing weimar constitution
von papen resigns -> still wants to regain power
nazis were biggest party -> 37% of votes

50
Q

explain hindenburg and von papen’s arrangement

A 
1932 -> von papen appointed chancellor
didnt have majority
made deal with hindenburg
hitler -> chancellor
von papen -> vice chancellor
51
Q

reichstag fire

A

feb 1933
hitler called for new elections -> reichstag burned down
van der lubbe (dutch communist) found inside and arrested
hitler declared state of emergency
4,000 communists arrested

52
Q

enabling act

A

march 1933
election results -> nazis 44% -> still not majority
passed act with catholic party support
hitler could make laws without reichstag for 4 yrs

53
Q

when were other parties/trade unions banned?

A

1933
trade unions replaced with ger. labour front (DAF)
only nazi party allowed

54
Q

what was the threat from rohm and the SA

A

hitler feared rohm’s power -> 1 mlln SA members

they argued on policies and who should control the arm (homosexuality)

55
Q

who was the SS leader?

A

himmler

56
Q

explain the night of the long knives

A

1934
himler told hitler rohm was planning a coup
rohm + 200 other SA leaders arrested and shot

57
Q

when did hindenburg die?

A

1934

58
Q

why did hitler become fuhrer?

A

1934
hindenburg died
merged jobs of chancellor and president
more than 90% agreed in referendum

59
Q

explain oath of allegiance

A

1934
army grateful hitler took control of SA
they swore an oath of allegiance to him personally

60
Q

what’s the gestapo?

A

state police
controlled by himmler & SS
paid informers
could arrest & imprison without warrant

61
Q

what was the SS?

A

hitler’s personal bodyguards
led by himmler
had to be pure aryan and physically strong

62
Q

what was the SD?

A

intelligence body of nazi party
led by Heydrich
discovered and removed actual/potential enemies

63
Q

explain conc. camps

A 
run by SS or SD
harsh prisons -> people divided into groups
hard labour
little food
many died
64
Q

explain nazi control of the legal system

A

judges had to be loyal nazis
judges wore swastikas
all laws interpreted in the nazi way

65
Q

explain nazi policies towards the catholic church

A

concordat signed in 1933
hitler would leave catholic church alone
pope stayed out of politics/didn’t comment on nazi policies
cath. church was powerful

66
Q

explain nazi policies towards prot. church

A

reich church combined all prots.

led by bishop muller

67
Q

explain how newspapers and books were controlled

A

newspapers -> independent, but what they could print was controlled
if they printed unapproved stories they were shut down
mass book burning ceremonies to get rid of anti-nazi books

68
Q

how were radios and loudspeakers used?

A

cheap radios made so each home could afford one

loudspeakers on each street in towns so everyone could hear propaganda

69
Q

how were rallies/sport used?

A

mass meetings for public events -> hitler’s birthday

sport encouraged to keep people fit and healthy

70
Q

berlin olympics

A

1936
hitler used it to show strength/superiority of aryan germans
had a few jewish athletes to squash rumours
refused to shake successful Black Jesse Owens’ hand

71
Q

explain nazi control of literature and film

A

news reels before films
films told stories with nazi slants
writers had to write stories in favour of hitler/nazis

72
Q

explain the extent of support for the nazi regime

A

most liked germany’s economic success and stability

but 1.3 mlln sent to concentration camps -> suggests less support for nazi regime

73
Q

opposition from prots.

A

pastor niemoller opposed nazi control over the church

arrested

74
Q

opposition from caths.

A

cardinal galen opposed euthanasia programme

not arrested

75
Q

swing youth

A

wore baggy clothes
long hair
makeup
listened to jazz

76
Q

edelweiss pirates

A

wrote anti-nazi graffiti

fought hitler youth

77
Q

nazi views on women

A

traditional
conservative clothes
shouldn’t work
stay home and support the family

78
Q

nazi policies towards women

A

given loans, medals + encouragement to have large families/more babies
lost their jobs
but did 1 yr duty year of work from 1937

79
Q

was the duty year of work introduced?

A

1937

80
Q

nazi aims for the young

A

boys -> brought up to be soldiers

girls -> brought up to be future mothers/wives

81
Q

hitler youth

A

1926
boys
14-18
focused on physical activities + nazi indoctrination

82
Q

league of ger. maidens

A

1930
girls
14-18
focused on physical activities + nazi indoctrination

83
Q

nazi control though education

A

lessons changed to give nazi slant
only ger. history/culture taught
extra time for physical activity
race science/eugenics

84
Q

nazi policies to reduce unemployment

A

labour schemes -> build autobahns or bridges
rearmament provided jobs
jews, women, minorities -> lost their jobs

85
Q

labour service (RAD)

A

all men had to do 6 months compulsory labour
physical poorly paid work
workers lived in army style conditions

86
Q

describe autobahns

A

motorways
built to make transport easy for army
and provide jobs for unemployed

87
Q

what was rearmament?

A

building tanks, ships + aircraft

by 1939 -> 1.4 mlln soldiers -> 100,000 only allowed from T of V

88
Q

what was invisible unemployment?

A

jews, women + minorities lost their jobs

their numbers not recorded in official statistics

89
Q

changing standards of living for ger. workers

A

average weekly wages increased -> but from a low base due to the depression
workers lost rights -> worked longer hours (43 to 47)

90
Q

describe the ger. labour front (DAF)

A

trade unions banned
strikes illegal
DAF claimed to improve worker’s rights -> but was a nazi tool of control

91
Q

describe strength through joy (KdF)

A

leisure activities as rewards
theatre visits, museum tours, concerts, holidays, cruises
low cost
only nazi approved activities
1938 -> over 10 mlln people took KdF holidays

92
Q

describe beauty of labour

A

improved workplace conditions
e.g. factory canteens, sports facilities,
but workers had to contribute in their spare time

93
Q

nazi racial beliefs/policies

A

nazis wanted to create pure german race
believed aryans = superior, jews/minorities = inferior
hitler wanted LENENSRAUM (living space) in east for ger. people

94
Q

treatment of slavs/gypsies

A

slavs -> slave labour for ger. people
gypsies -> separated from wider population in conc. camps
500,000 killed in death camps

95
Q

treatment of homosexuals

A

homosexuality -> illegal
gay men -> arrested, sent to conc. camps
experimented on to find cures for homosexuality

96
Q

treatment of black people

A

negermusik/jazz banned
385 sterilised -> mixed raced people
black disgrace of the rhineland

97
Q

treatment of disabled

A

sterilised

sent to “asylums” -> gassed and cremated

98
Q

persecution of jews

A

laws passed to separate them from society + make life hard for them
conc. camps

99
Q

describe the boycott of jewish shops

A

1933
organised by SA
J’s painted on their windows
not that popular

100
Q

nuremburg laws

A

1935
jews no longer ger. citizens
jew -> defined as anyone with 1 or more jewish grandparent

101
Q

kristallnacht

A

1938 nov
polish jew gryznspan shot von rath (ger. diplomat)
in paris
used as an excuse to attack synagogues + jewish businesses in ger.
100 jews killed
20,000 jews sent to conc. camps

102
Q

CREEPSHA

A

C-> Chancellor, calls for new elections, 1933
R-> Reichstag fire, 1933 feb
E-> Emergency laws/powers, 2nd elections 1933, march
E-> Enabling Act, 1933 april
P-> Political parties banned, 1933 june
S-> SA disbanded, night of the long knives, 1934 june
H-> Hindenburg dies, 1934 august
A-> Army Oath, 1934 september

103
Q

when did hitler become chancellor?

A

1933

104
Q

details of concordat

A

Reichskonkordat
treaty with vatican
july 1933

History (8 decks)

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