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Germany 1890-1945 Flashcards

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1
Q

What happened during the night of the long knives

A

SA leaders were dragged from their beds, taken to the Nazi headquarters and shot dead

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2
Q

Who was responsible for the Reichstag fire

A

Marinus Van dear Lubbe- a Dutch communist

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3
Q

When was the Reichstag fire

A

27th February 1933

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4
Q

When were the new electrons

A

5th March

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5
Q

When did streseman rule

A

1923-1929

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6
Q

How did streseman solve the problem of hyperinflation

A

Introduced a new currency- Rentenmark old notes recalled and burnt

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7
Q

What are the two arguments concerning hoe successful Streseman was in ruling Germany

A

Streseman built a strong Germany from 1924-1929

Streseman papered over the cracks
His policies were short term underneath Germany remained weak and unstable

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8
Q

What was the impact of his policy to solve the economy
(Good and bad)

A

Good- housing, hospitals, school,d and roads improved
Loans given to private German firms
Many US firms set up factories in Germany
Pension and wages rose

Bad- German economy was dependent on the USA and only problems in the USA would cause problems in Germany
Wages didn’t rise for everyone
Farmers got poorer as food prices remained low
Unemployment never fell below 1 million

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9
Q

How did Streseman solve the problem of the economy

A

Organised big loans from the USA under the Dawes plan

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10
Q

What was the impact on his policy to solve the problem of the French occupation of the Ruhr

A

Good- new currency quickly accepted. Inflation was brought under control

Bad- hyperinflation was never forgotten
People who lost their savings were never compensated
Felt cheated and blamed the republic

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11
Q

How did streseman solve the problem of Germany relations with other countries

A

Co-operation with other countries

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12
Q

How did streseman solve the problem of paying reparations

A

Promised to pay reparations and hoped allies would lower the reparations in the future

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13
Q

Germans named the Treaty or Versailles___________ because ___________

A

Diktat

It was dictated to them and they were not even invited to the discussion over the terms

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14
Q

The treaty of Versailles

Four main points

A

Land- taken away
Army- reduced to 100,000 men, no tanks, planes or submarines
Money- had to pay reparations to France and Belgium
Blame- had to accept blame for starting world war 1

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15
Q

Socialism-
Explain what it was and how it caused the Kaiser a problem

A

Everyone should have an equal share of power and wealth
This grew in Germany, this was a threat to the Kaiser as socialists wanted equality

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16
Q

Industrialisation
Explain what it was and how it caused the Kaiser a problem

A

Industrialisation strength increased which meant more Germans moved to cities and revolutionaries ideas could spread more easily
Increased the demands for worker rights and democracy

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17
Q

Role of the Reichstag

A

German parliament

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18
Q

Role of Bundesrat

A

Representative from every German state, consulted on law

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19
Q

Role of German army

A

Loyal to kaiser who could rule by martial law

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20
Q

Role of kaiser

A

Emperor

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21
Q

Role of chancellor

A

In charge of the day to day running of Germany

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22
Q

Weimar culture what was it

A

Tight control under the Kaiser had been removed
Artists, writers, poets and performers had more creative freedom
Challenged pairs as the cultural centre of Europe

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23
Q

Streseman- problems and solutions
Economy

A

Dawes plan( USA), housing, hospitals, schools and roads improved
Loans given to private German firms
Many US firms set up factories in Germany

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24
Q

Kaiser Willem
The growth of democracy

A

Weltpolitik mean world power, expanding the empire and expanding the navy led to rivalry with Britain
He was unstable and voilent
Wanted to focus on germanys international position and status
With Germanys industrial growth, rising population and nationalist ambition, it could achieve its place in the sun
He wanted Germany to build an empire in Africa
Germany needed a navy to match Britain’s and an army that would defeat all other powers in Europe

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25
Q

Democracy:kaiser Wilhelm

A

Weltpolitik (world power), expanding the empire and expanding the navy- rivalry with Britain
He was unstable and violent
Wanted to focus on Germany’s international position and status
With Germanys industrial growth, rising population and nationalist ambitions, it could achieve its place in the sun
Wanted Germany to build an empire in Africa
Germany needed a navy to match Britains and an army that would defeat all other powers in Europe

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26
Q

Germany + the growth of democracy
Industrialisation and social reforms

A

New political parties in Germany e.g left wing parties-SDP wanted more say in decision-making
The SDP at odds with the Chancellor and Kaiser. The chancellor found it hard to get support for the Reichstag.
The industrial strength of Germany rapidly increased under Wilhelm, the second
The large increase in the population of industrial workers and cities lead to demands for democracy and workers rights. Many workers joined trade unions.
Workers believe in socialism -power and wealth should be shared equally. Wrong that the Kaiser in advisers had all the power.
The colours are in the upper-class further growth, working classes which threaten their wealth and status . They were scared of a socialist revolt.

27
Q

Germany and the growth of democracy
Prussian militarism and naval laws

A

Prussia most important or Germany, 25 states with a proud tradition of military activities an army
Foreign policy determine by military chief, and concern of expansion
Naval laws -large, powerful, navy key to German expansion, ambitions
Wanted and navy to rival Britain’s
Admiral von tirpitz past several naval laws
First naval law -allowed additional seven metal ships built within three years
Second naval law double the size of the feet to 38 battleships, and reinforce Germany’s policy of imperialism. Due to this. The Anglo German naval race began.

28
Q

Who was in charge of Nazi propaganda

A

Goebels

29
Q

Who was the original leader of the Nazi party until 1921

A

Anton Drexler

30
Q

Who was in charge of Nazi terror

A

Himmler

31
Q

Who is the chancellor of Germany in 1932 and resign his policies dissolve the economic crisis we’re not popular. Made a political deal with Hindenburg make Hitler chancellor in 1933, thinking they could control him.

A

Von Papen

32
Q

Who was in charge of the essay and killed in the night of the Long knives June to July 1934

A

Ernest rohm

33
Q

Germany and the growth democracy
Industrialisation and social reforms

A

New political parties in Germany, e.g. left-wing parties STP wanted more say in decision-making
The STP at odds with the transfer in Keizer
The chancellor found it hard to get support from the Reichstag
The industrial strength of Germany rapidly increased under Wilhelm, the second
The large increase in the population of industrial workers in cities lead to demands for democracy, workers rights
Many workers join trade unions
Work is bleeding socialism, power and wealth should be should
Wrong that the Kaiser and his advisers had all the power
Kaiser and the upper classes fear the growth of working classes, which direction, the wealth and status scared of a socialist revolt

34
Q

Germany and the growth democracy
Prussian , militarism, and naval laws

A

Prussia is the most important of Germany is 25 states with a proud tradition of military activities and an army
Foreign policy determined by military chiefs, and concerned with expansion
The naval laws were large, powerful navy keys to Germany’s expansion ambition
They wanted a navy to rival Britain’s
Add move on trips in the past several naval laws
1st allowed additional seven battleships built within three years they already had 12
2nd double the size of a fleet of 38 battleships, and reinforce Germany’s policy of imperialism. Due to this, the Anglo German naval race began.

35
Q

The impact of World War I

A

The end of WW1 Germany had faced many problems
National income is one third of where it was by 19 13
The state had to pay war pensions of 600,000 widows

36
Q

What was the impact of WW1

A

End of World War I, Germany, face problems
National income is one third of where it was by 1913
State had to pay war pensions to 600,000 widows
War deepened, divisions of society, e.g. huge gap between rich and poor factory. Workers better at low earnings, but factory, owners rich
Soldiers are United and took over. Kiel
Socialists led uprising of workers and soldiers in German ports
Uprisings led to the abdication of Kaiser on 9 of November 1918
Mini ex-soldiers and civilians hate the new Democratic leaders and felt Germany and its army had been betrayed by weak politicians
They were flu, outbreaks and starvations
Reparations at £6.6 million

37
Q

The Weimar government

A

Allies wanted Germany to be a democracy after the war therefore the Kaiser abdicated
Ebert became the new democratically, elected leader of Germany
Ebert was the leader of Social Democrats, the largest party in the Reichstag
Proportional representation was lots of different political parties who won seats in the Reichstag
It was difficult to make decisions and introduced laws
No majority to any party so law making was a slow process
Many groups don’t like the new way of governing, and it was linked to the November criminals
The politicians who had lost the war in 1918

38
Q

What was the stab in the back?

A

German people thought they were winning WW one, and when the armistice was signed, the German people thought that the new German government had stabbed the army in the back

39
Q

What was the treaty of Versailles?

A

Land taken away army, reduced money to pay reparations and had to accept the blame for starting WW one

40
Q

What was the invasion of the Ruhr?

A

Germany, defaulted on repayment of reparations, so France and Belgium took goods from the industrial area
Workers went on strike and government still paying them

41
Q

What was hyperinflation?

A

Government had to print off money to pay workers and no income coming in from the roof. Prices shot up of money became worthless. Thank you

42
Q

What is political violence?

A

Left and right wing party is rebel against the government due to the problems of 1923

43
Q

What was the Weimar culture?

A

1920s, unstable times defeat of WW1
Treaty of Versailles rebellions ect Great culture. Change in cinema are literature in architecture nightlife in music also changed.
Call the Golden age for culture because innovation and creativity
Oh my God people had a new sense of freedom to express themselves and most Germans and braces changes, but someone to the old emoji additional forms of culture
They thought the new nightclubs in the night clubs, nightclubs and paintings through the moral decline, corrupt and sex obsessed nation
Hitler and the Nazis openly criticise the nightclubs in the period

44
Q

What was the Munich putsch in 1923

A

Hitler plotted with two nationalist politicians Kahr and Lossow to take over Munich in the revolution.
Kahr and Lossow called of the rebellion
Hitler interrupted a meeting at a beer hall where Von Kahr was speaking
He fired a bullet and announced he was taking over Bavaria
He was supported by Ludendorff
Kahr pledged his support and was released only to alert the police who met the Nazis leading to 16 Nazis shot and Hitler injured
Hitler and Lundendorff arrested and put on trail
Hitler sent to prison for 5 years but was released after 9 months
During this time in prison he wrote his book Mien Kampf

45
Q

Streseman the golden years

A

Became chancellor in 1923 and solved the 5 problems of the Weimar Republic
Hyperinflation- introduced a new currency and burnt the old. Got hyperinflation under control but no one compensated for their lost savings
French occupation of the Ruhr- passive resistance called striking and promised to keep up reparations. Not a popular policy- seen as giving into France
Germany is not trusted by other countries
1925 Locarno pact and 1926 Germany joined the League of Nations
Some said Stresemann was weak for not trying to regain the land lost in the treaty of Versailles
Germany was facing massive reparations- promised to pay reparations.
1924 Dawes plan longer to pay allies plus 1929 Young plan lowered reparations
Germany needed to rebuild its economy
So stresemann organised big loans from the USA under the Dawes plan

46
Q

The growth of the Nazi party

A

1928 Nazis only had 300,000 votes but by 1932 they had 14 million votes

Reason 1. The depression- the Nazis claimed they could solve the economic problems of Germany caused by the depression e.g unemployment

Reason 2.Germans were unhappy with the Weimar Government- they couldn’t solve the problems caused by the depression so the people turned to extremist parties like the Nazis

Reason 3. The appeal of Adolf Hitler- charismatic, passionate public speaker, gave people hope

Reason 4. - fear of Communism and other extremist parties- MC and UC feared communism and the Nazis promised to fight communism

Reason 5. Nazi party structure, methods and tactics- after his release from the prison Hitler changed tactics to get into power legally. Used propaganda, local Nazi party offices, rallies and the Hitler Youth to promote Nazi ideas.

47
Q

Who voted the Nazis

A

Working class- many supported social democrats some did turn to Nazism and some to communism. Most workers didn’t like Hitlers attack on the Trade Union

Middle class- mostly supported Democrats and the people’s party but by 1932 these parties collapsed. Turned to Hitler because they had lost jobs and savings in the economic crisis

Upper class- supported Nationalist Party but these lost votes to the Nazi Party. Hitler taken nationalist ideas e.g make Germany rich and strong again. Appealed to big businessmen

Catholics- supported centre party as Hitlers ideas did not appeal to them. Preferred more moderate polices

Communists- not being converted to Nazism. Hitler said the communists were the enemy of Germany

48
Q

The Great Depression 1929

A

America lent money to Germany after 1924 for businesses/factories which created more jobs, money and a better standard of living
October 1929 wall st crash in America- share process dropped and banks recalled loans
Americans couldn’t afford the buy foreign goods- factories/ businesses closed and millions became unemployed.
People turned to extremist parties e.g communists and Nazis who promised to solve Germanys problems.

49
Q

How did Hitler become chancellor in 1933? -Actions outside of Hitler’s control.

A

The Wall Street crash
German people turn to extremist parties in times of crisis as the current government failed to solve the crisis . Nazis claim they could e.g. solve unemployment and stop paying reparations for it.
Fear of communism
Nazis hated Communists and many middle-class and upper-class people feared communism. The Nazis were the only party that believe would stop the spread of communism.
Weak opponents
No party could collaborate to provide effective positions to Nazi political ideas . Nazis had 37% of the vote. They still did not have a majority and Hindenburg would not allow Hitler become chancellor von. Papen wanted to get revenge on Schleicher and persuaded Hindenburg. They can make Hitler chancellor but control his actions without this political deal Hitler never would’ve gain control

50
Q

How did Hitler become chancellor in 1933 Hitler’s own actions?

A

Effective leadership
Speeches in personality made in popular, and people saw him as a strong leader who heads of Germany’s problems
Clever promises and Sarah people wanted to hear, and if a policy was unpopular he would change it
Good organisation, impressed voters
Brilliant propaganda, promoted the Nazi policies that said they could solved Germany problems

51
Q

How did Hitler become dictator in 1934?
The Reichstag fire

A

27th of February 1933, to Reichstag fire
Hey Dont, communis brought the parliament building in Hitler blamed all the Communist for the fire
He use this to convince Germans. It was part of the Communist Party to take over the country.
Leading Communists were banned from campaigning for the next election
4000 communist imprisons, and a newspaper shut down
Nazis got more votes than ever

52
Q

How did Hitler become dictator, 1934?
The enabling act

A

23rd of March 1933, the enabling act gave Hitler power to pass laws without consulting parliament
The Reichstag had voted themselves out of existence

53
Q

How did Hitler become dictator, 1934?
Political parties

A

14th of July 1933, Hitler band all other political parties. Germany was a one-party state.

54
Q

How did Hitler become dictator, 1934?
The night of the Long knives

A

30th of June 1934, the night of the Long knives
The SA were violent unemployed thugs
Leader of the SA Rohm wanted to merge them with the army, which would make him very powerful
Hitler had to get rid of this threat to the power
He murdered all SA leaders

55
Q

How did Hitler become dictator, 1934?
Hindenburg and the army, oath

A

When Hindenburg died, Hitler merge the job of Chancellor president and made the army swear an oath of loyalty towards him

56
Q

The experience of Germans under the Nazis
Nazi culture

A

Art- Hitler claimed the Weimar art was degenerate and perverse.
Replaced with Nazi art which reflect the master race and show historic figures or rural family scenes. Opened House of German art- approved Nazi art and at the same time an exhibition of degenerate art, which was more popular
Architecture- Hitler plan to rebuild Berlin with very large public buildings based on buildings of Ancient Greece and Rome
Films- in cinemas put across racial values and ideas. Films would portray the principles of eugenics and racial breeding and would stir up the hatred of Jews

57
Q

The experience of Germans under the Nazis
Propaganda

A

Was all about reinforcing the Nazi message
Newspaper- only Nazi newspapers allowed
Rallies- created a sense of order and control (huge stadiums at Nuremberg built for rallies)
Books- mass burning of Jewish and communist books, heavily censored new books
Radio- cheap radios provided and broadcasted the Nazi message
Films- before films a newsreel film and news of the week would spread the Nazi message

58
Q

The experience of Germans under the Nazi Terror

A

The use of the SS to arrest people without trail and search homes
Concentration camps, temporary prisons which forced labour and torture
Gestapo- secret police
Police and courts, under Nazi control issued harsh punishments
Informers, areas divided into blocks with wardens who reported any non Nazi thinking and activities

59
Q

Young people

A

Hitler wanted to use school system to brainwash young Germans and Use, every subject in school to promote Nazi propaganda and beliefs
Very few opportunities for children to think for themselves
Who teaches how to join an organisation called German teachers sacked if they didn’t
Didn’t regards, a uni education is important
Hitler even control children free time, for example, Hitler youth
6 - 10= little Fellows- activities like camping and hiking
10 = German young people-learn about Nazi ideology and military matters
14-18= Hitler youth, strong, emphasis on military discipline and training
BMD-league of German girls= focus on making them fit enough to be strong, mothers. Camping and hiking activities and revolved around, reinforcing the role of women as a housewife and mother.
Alternative youth organisations was a backlash against the Nazis
Organise groups and gang started to form rejected the ways of the Nazis tried organising their lives. 

60
Q

Jews

A

Persecuted-Christ killers, money, grabbers. Many Jews were bankers lawyers and successful businessman, and during the depression. Many Germans became jealous of their success and were blamed for losing World War I.
Stage one -loss of civil rights-organise boycott of Jewish shops, lawyers and doctors. 1935, Nuremberg laws state is it is illegal for Jews to marry non-Jews. Last rites German citizens and stopped from using any public facilities, e.g. swimming, pools and restaurants.
Stage two -further persecution-1938 kristallnact-10,000 Jewish shops windows, broken 100 Jews killed 20,000 sent to concentration camps and 200 synagogues burnt down
Move Dont Use into separate areas (the ghettos)
Stage three = Holocaust- 1941, Nazi plan was to exterminate the Jews. Special groups of SS soldiers.( enisatzgruppen). Sent to murder whole communities of European Jews.
At a Nazi conference at Wannsee 1942, it was decided to eliminate all European Jews
Death camps were built in Poland by Jews would be work to death or gassed
Around 6 million Jews were killed

61
Q

Woman

A

In Weimar Republic, woman worked his lawyers doctors teachers, ect
But not, she’s worried about failing birthrates, Arthur WW one and said woman’s place was at home being mothers
Kinder, Kirche, Kuche - children, church and cooking
Female workers sacked under Nazi regime and try to control their lifestyle and appearance emoji no smoking no dying hair, no wearing trousers
actively encouraged to have children and awarding medals on Hitler is Mothers birthday
Loans, Givens married couples and didn’t have to pay some back once they had children
Single women could go to lebensborn to be impregnated by a racially, pure SS Man
The birthrate increased by 1939, Nazis needed woman back to work due to the war effort

62
Q

Economy

A

Hitler wanted to make Germany powerful
Needed to build up arms and need a German economy to support his rearmament . Introduced conscription - all men to do you compulsory military service once reach the age of 18 a four year plan.
Herman Goering was in charge to finance the remaining of Germany e.g. make Germany, self-sufficient in food and raw materials to save money
Farmers were important supporters of the Nazis were awarded cut taxes in all of them to reduce the amount of land they cultivated
Pushed up food prices, which was good for farmers. More food had to be imported.

63
Q

The impact of WWII on German people

A

Beginning of the war went well Hitler, master of Europe
Little impact at home however, Nazis began to lose the war. Things got bad in Germany
By 1941, Russia started to fight back in German spam cells, working long hours experience and heavy losses among the troops
1943 -1944, Great Britain, and United States must bomb German cities= 3.5 million Germans dead an industry damaged.
Cause homelessness and people live in their home towns to look for refuge elsewhere
Rationing -food and clothing rationed
Hardship -sacrifices made it home everything focused on making weapons, grown food and caring for wounded soldiers
Factories act of, 19 42,40 workers work, long hours and women drafted in to help
Soldiers -the Nazis youth policy 1930s, prepared young Germans for war. When walking, the Nazis had a strong army, but the rest of the youth policy was abandoned.

History (5 decks)

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