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Germany Flashcards

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1
Q

How many German soldiers died in WWI?

A

1.7 million German soldiers died in WWI.

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2
Q

What caused food supplies to run low at the end of WWI?

A

Naval Blockade by the British meant that food supplies ran low

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3
Q

What killer strain of disease caused thousands of Germans to die every week?

A

Winter 1918, killer strain of flu swept across Europe. Thousands died every week in Germany.

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4
Q

Why was Kaiser Wilhelm forced to abdicate?

A

Nov 1918: Kaiser Wilhelm forced to abdicate due growing unrest from the military and civilians.

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5
Q

Who became the first President of the Weimar Republic?

A

1919: Friedrich Ebert, leader of Social Democrats, became president.

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6
Q

What did the Big Three force Germany to become?

A

The Big Three forced Germany to have a democracy.

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7
Q

How much land was taken away from Germany?

A

Land-13% of land taken away and all colonies given away.

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8
Q

How much was their military reduced to?

A

Army-reduced 100,000 men, no air force and only allowed 6 battleships.

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9
Q

How much did the reparations to Belgium, France and Britain cost Germany?

A

Money-forced to pay £6,600 million in reparations to Britain, France and Belgium.

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10
Q

What was Germany forced to accept?

A

Blame- forced to accept all the guilt for the causing WWI.

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11
Q

How often was the President elected and who did they appoint?

A

President Elected every 7 years and chose the Chancellor.

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12
Q

Where was the Chancellor chosen from?

A

Chancellor chosen by the President from the biggest party in the Reichstag.

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13
Q

How often was the Reichstag elected?

A

Members of Parliament were elected to the Reichstag every 4 years by the public.

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14
Q

Who could vote in the Weimar Republic?

A

Everyone over 20 could vote.

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15
Q

What voting system was used to ensure smaller parties gained seats?

A

Proportional representation meant smaller parties were took up seats.

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16
Q

What was the uprising of 1919 and who led it?

A

Spartacist Uprising 1919: Communists led by Rosa Luxemburg attempted to control Berlin.

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17
Q

How many Freikorps took over Berlin in 1920 with Wolfgang Kapp?

A

Kapp Putsch 1920: 5,000 Freikorps overtook Berlin led by Wolfgang Kapp.

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18
Q

Where did Hitler and the Nazis try to take over in 1923?

A

Munich Putsch 1923: 3,000 Nazis led by Adolf Hitler tried to take over Bavaria.

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19
Q

Why did the French and Belgian troops invade the Ruhr in 1923?

A

Invasion of the Ruhr: French and Belgium troops invaded the Ruhr as Germany had not kept up Reparation payments.

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20
Q

What caused hyperinflation?

A

Hyperinflation: Workers striked in the Ruhr (passive resistance). Led to printing more money to pay them, which eventually made money worthless.

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21
Q

How did Stresemann bring hyperinflation under control?

A

Changed the currency to the Rentenmark and ended passive resistance to bring Hyperinflation under control.

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22
Q

What did the Dawes plan 1924 do?

A

Dawes Plan 1924- Big loans from America to help rebuild German economy.

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23
Q

What did the Locarno Pact 1925 do?

A

Locarno Pact 1925- Agreement with Britain, France, Belgium and Italy not to invade each other.

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24
Q

What did Germany join in 1926?

A

Join the League of Nations 1926- Given great power status, Germany now had a say in major decisions.

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25
Q

What did the Young plan 1929 do?

A

Young Plan 1929- Lowered the amount of reparations Germany had to pay.

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26
Q

How did Hitler’s leadership help the Nazi party gain support?

A

Leadership: Hitler was an excellent public speaker and enthused those who listened to him.

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27
Q

What promises did the Nazi party make through their propaganda?

A

Promises and Propaganda: the Nazi party made promises through propaganda, such work for the unemployed and scrapping the ToV.

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28
Q

Which section of society had a particular fear of communism?

A

Fear of Communism: The Nazi party fostered fear of a communist revolution through propaganda, especially with middle class businessmen.

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29
Q

Why did the Great Depression of the 1930s help the Nazi party gain support?

A

Great Depression: Made people turn to extreme political parties. Nazis made people believe that they would make things better.

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30
Q

Who chose Hitler to become Chancellor in January 1933?

A

Political Deal: President Hindenburg and Von Papen chose to make Hitler Chancellor, hoping to be able to control him.

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31
Q

What happened in Feb 1933?

A

Reichstag Fire: Feb 1933, blamed on Dutch Communist. Communist banned from Reichstag as a result.

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32
Q

What powers did the Enabling Act give Hitler?

A

Enabling Act: March 1933 Law passed that gave Hitler the power to pass laws without going through the Reichstag.

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33
Q

What was banned in July 1933?

A

Political Parties banned: July 1933.

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34
Q

What was the Night of the Long Knives?

A

Night of the Long Knives: June 1934 Rohm and the SA were killed by the SS due to fears of rebellion and the army not trusting Hitler.

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35
Q

How did Hindenburg’s death mean Hitler became dictator of Germany?

A

Hindenburg’s Death: Aug 1934 Hindenburg dies. Hitler declares himself Fuhrer, taking both position of President and Chancellor. Army swears an oath to die for him.

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36
Q

How did the Nazis control the courts?

A

Courts: Nazis controlled judges and courts of law. Opponents did receive a fair trial.

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37
Q

Who led the Gestapo?

A

Gestapo: Led by Heydrich.

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38
Q

What did the Gestapo do?

A

Power to arrest people without reason and spied on people through their neighbours.

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39
Q

Where were political prisoners sent by the Gestapo and SS?

A

Concentration Camps: Those arrested by the Gestapo or SS were sent to Concentration Camps.

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40
Q

Who ran the SS and what did they do?

A

SS: Run by Himmler. Took over the police forces.

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41
Q

How many writers were banned by the Nazis?

A

2,500 writers were banned.

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42
Q

How were newspapers controlled?

A

Newspapers: Nazis controlled them and what would be written. Had to be approved by Nazi press agency.

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43
Q

Where was the famous rally held by the Nazis?

A

Nuremberg

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44
Q

How many attended the Nuremberg rallies?

A

100,000 attended.

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45
Q

What did each household have to hear important Nazi messages?

A

Radios: Each household had to have radio set. Important Nazi messages were played.

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46
Q

What did 18-25 year old males have to join and do?

A

18-25 year old males had to do 2 years military service and 6 months in the National Labour Service.

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47
Q

What helped reduced unemployment?

A

Huge building programmes reduced unemployment.

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48
Q

What was the aim of the Four Year Plan?

A

Four Year plan was designed to reduce unemployment and increase military arms.

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49
Q

What organisation aimed to improve working conditions?

A

Beauty of Labour scheme aimed to improve working conditions

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50
Q

What organisation set up leisure activities for workers?

A

Strength Through Joy set up to organise leisure time for workers.

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51
Q

What were women removed from?

A

Removed from the employment register

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52
Q

What were mothers given to celebrate larger families?

A

Honour cross of the Germany mother handed out to celebrate large families. 8= Gold, 6=Silver, 4=Bronze.

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53
Q

What were new brides offered if they agreed not to work?

A

Loans offered to new brides who agreed not to work

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54
Q

How were women expected to dress and look like?

A

Told to wear flat shoes, no make-up and loose clothing.

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55
Q

What was made compulsory in 1937?

A

Duty Year made compulsory in 1937. Worked on farms etc. in preparation for war.

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56
Q

What did school lessons and textbooks emphasise?

A

School lessons and textbooks emphasised Nazi beliefs.

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57
Q

What did children learn in History and Biology?

A

History=Nazi Interpretation of ToV, evils of communism. Biology= Taught racial superiority and how ‘spot’ a Jewish person

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58
Q

What was the aim of Hitler Youth?

A

Hitler Youth aim was to indoctrinate young boys with Nazi ideas, such as training for war

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59
Q

What was the aim of the League of German Maidens?

A

League of German Maidens taught girls how to be mothers and wives.

60
Q

What did the Nazis need children to be towards them?

A

Emphasis on unquestioning obedience to Nazi beliefs.

61
Q

What happened to Jewish people in 1933?

A

1933- Boycott of Jewish Shops. Jews sacked from important jobs.

62
Q

When were Jewish shops marked with a yellow star?

A

1934- Jewish shops marked with a yellow star

63
Q

What did the Nuremburg laws of 1935 say?

A

1935- Nuremburg Laws took away German citizenship and forbade marriage between Jews and non-Jews.

64
Q

What happened during and after the Night of the Broken Glass?

A

1938- Night of the Broken Glass 10,000 Jewish shops smashed, homes and synagogues set alight. 300,000 Jews sent to Concentration Camps as a result.

65
Q

What happened to Jews at the outbreak of war?

A

1939- Outbreak of WWII. 3.5million Jews living Poland, forced into Ghettos.

65
Q

How many Jews were living under Nazi rule as a result of the Invasion of the USSR?

A

1941- With the invasion of the USSR, 6 million Jews were living under Nazi rule.

66
Q

What were all Jews forced to wear in 1941?

A

1941- All Jews forced to wear yellow star of David.

67
Q

What did the Einsatzgruppen do?

A

Einsatzgruppen rounded up Jews and shot them into mass graves.

68
Q

What was decided at the Wannsee Conference in 1942?

A

1942- Nazi leaders wanted a more ‘efficient’method of killing Jews. They met at Wannsee and ordered the construction of 6 death camps in the Final Solution.

69
Q

How many Jews were killed at Auschwitz and in total during the Holocaust?

A

At Auschwitz 1,100,000 Jews were killed. In total, 6 million Jews were murdered in the Holocaust.

70
Q

What did rationing start?

A

Rationing started in Sept 1939. Clothing rationed in Nov 1939.

71
Q

What did total war mean?

A

Total War 1943- 44 meant all parts of society had to help to the war effort.

72
Q

Who were drafted into the workforce due to labour shortages?

A

Labour shortages meant women were drafted into the workforce.

73
Q

How many forced labourers were there in 1943?

A

Political prisoners and Jews forced into work. 1943, 7 million forced labourers.

74
Q

When did air raids start on German cities and how many people did the raid on Dresden kill?

A

Aug 1940- Air raids on cities started. 1945- raids on Dresden killed 25,000 people.

75
Q

What did Bishop Von Galen do?

A

Catholic Opposition: Bishop Von Galen spoke out about the euthanasia program.

76
Q

Name the two main Protestant men who opposed the Nazis and what they did.

A

Protestant Opposition: Martin Niemoller led the confessing church and Dietrich Bonhoeffer helped Jewish people escape Germany.

76
Q

Who led the July Bomb plot 1944 and how many were executed as a result?

A

Military Opposition: July bomb plot 1944 was led by Von Stauffenberg. Plot to kill Hitler failed, 5000 were executed as a result.

77
Q

Name the two prominent youth groups who opposed the Nazis.

A

Youth Opposition: White Rose group distributed leaflets opposing Nazis, Hans and Sophie Scholl were executed as a result. Edelweiss Pirates opposed Nazis by engaging in American culture, 13 were hanged in 1944.

78
Q

What was the name of the Jewish uprising in 1944?

A

Jewish Opposition: Undergrounds led uprisings, such as the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in 1944.

79
Q

What was decided at Yalta and Potsdam?

A

Division of Germany and Berlin into 4 zones decided at Yalta and Potsdam Conferences.

80
Q

Which countries would each have a zone?

A

Britain, USA, France and USSR to have a zone each,

81
Q

What sentences were given out at the Nuremburg Trials 1946?

A

Nuremberg Trials 1946: 12 Nazi War criminals sentenced to death and 7 sentenced to life imprisonment.

82
Q

What was denazification and when was it abandoned?

A

Denazification took place to remove Nazis from positions of power. However difficult rebuild without re-employing some people. Abandoned in 1951.

83
Q

How many Germans did European countries expel at the end of WW2?

A

11 million Germans were expelled from European countries- arrived back in Germany as refugees

84
Q

What did the USA and the USSR zones agree to send to each other?

A

Agreed at Potsdam USA would send Industrial goods to USSR zone and USSR would send agricultural goods to USA zone.

85
Q

What did the USA do when the USSR failed to do this?

A

1946, USSR failed to deliver their goods, USA didn’t deliver their goods.

86
Q

What did the USSR refused to hold in Eastern European countries?

A

USSR refused to hold free elections in Eastern Europe.

87
Q

What was the currency of Bizonia?

A

1947- American and Britain zones unite as Bizonia. Introduce new currency- Deutschmark.

88
Q

What was the official names of East and West Germany in May 1949?

A

May 1949- western Allies combine zones as Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). Oct 1949- USSR controlled zone formed into German Democratic Republic (GDR).

89
Q

How many Lander was West Germany divided into and what was the Capital?

A

Federal Structure adopted. Divided into 11 Lander. New capital was in Bonn.

90
Q

Who was the first Chancellor of West Germany?

A

First Chancellor, Konrad Adenauer (1949-63) who helped restore the economy and repair damage from the war.

91
Q

How much money did West Germany receive in Marshall Aid?

A

Marshall Aid from USA gave West Germany $1,300 million to rebuild the economy.

92
Q

Why was there an economic miracle in the 1950s?

A

Economic miracle due to industrial expansion and full employment and helped by the Korean War (1950-53).

93
Q

What was West Berlin the Centre of?

A

West Berlin centre of consumerism, luxury goods and thriving social activities.

94
Q

What type of state was East Germany and who led it?

A

One-party state, led by Walter Ulbricht

95
Q

How many opponents of the govt. were put into Concentration Camps?

A

Opponents of new government arrested and imprisoned. 120,000 put into old Nazi Concentration Camps.

96
Q

How many East Germans fled eastwards from 1949-61?

A

3.5 million East Germans between 1949-61 fled eastwards due to poor living and working conditions.

97
Q

What happened when workers went on strike in 1953?

A

1953- Workers went on strike and demanded free elections. Red army crushed the uprising and 125 people killed.

98
Q

What did the Stasi do?

A

Stasi (secret police) used to keep tabs on people and ensure more uprisings didn’t happen.

99
Q

Between which countries did relations get tense between after WWII?

A

After WWII, relations between the western Allies (Britain, France and the USA) and the USSR (Russia) became very tense.

100
Q

Which countries had communist govt. by 1948

A

By 1948, Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, Hungary, Albania and Czechoslovakia had Communist governments. These increased tensions with USA.

100
Q

What did Winston Churchill mean by the phrase ‘Iron Curtain’?

A

Winston Churchill used the phrase ‘Iron Curtain’ to refer to the division of Europe between the Capitalist nations of the west and the Communist nations of the east.

101
Q

Which USA President took a tough anti-communist line?

A

USA President Harry S. Truman, took a tough anti-communist line.

102
Q

What did the USA give to Western European countries that create a bigger divide?

A

USA gave Marshall Aid to Western European countries, driving a greater divide with USSR

103
Q

What did Stalin do in response to creation of Bizonia?

A

Due to the creation of Bizonia and creation of the Deutschmark, Stalin cuts off USA and Britain from Berlin by road and rail.

104
Q

How did Britain and USA respond?

A

USA and Britain responded by flying in supplies.

105
Q

How long did the blockade last?

A

Lasted 318 days. Plane landed every 3 minutes. Needed 6,000 tonnes of food a day, brought in 13,000 tonnes a day.

106
Q

What was the result of the blockade?

A

Stalin abandoned the Blockade in May 1949. As a result Germany was permanently divided into FRG and GDR.

107
Q

When was the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation set up?

A

1949, North Atlantic Treaty Organisation set up as a military alliance of Western countries.

108
Q

Why was the migration of skilled workers to the west a problem for the USSR?

A

Migration of skilled workers to the west was politically embarrassing and economically disastrous for East Germany.

109
Q

Who ordered the building of the Berlin Wall and why?

A

August 1961 Nikita Khrushchev (leader of USSR) orders the building of a wall to divide Berlin to prevent people moving from East Germany.

110
Q

What was the gap within the wall called?

A

Gap within the wall was called the death strip and there were specially constructed crossing points, such as Checkpoint Charlie

111
Q

How many people were estimated to have been shot trying to cross the wall from 1961-89?

A

Estimated nearly 100 people were shot trying to cross to the west from 1961-89.

112
Q

What did building the wall prevent between USA and USSR?

A

USA President Kennedy stated ‘A wall was a hell of a lot better than a war’, recognising that it prevented a nuclear war between USA and USSR.

113
Q

How many nations were there in NATO?

A

1949: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation set up an important military alliance of 11 nations, including West Germany.

114
Q

What was the name of the military alliance set up the Soviet Union in 1955?

A

1955: Soviet Union sets up its own military alliance of Communist states- Warsaw Pact

115
Q

What did France agree to share with Germany in 1950?

A

1950: France share their coal, iron and steel with West Germany.

116
Q

What community was established in 1951?

A

1951: European Coal and Steel Community established. It included France, West Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxemburg and Italy.

117
Q

What was the name of the treaty which formed the Common Market in 1957?

A

The Common Market (European Economic Community) formed by the Treaty of Rome in 1957.

118
Q

What roles did Willy Brandt have?

A

Willy Brandt was Foreign Minister from 1966 and Chancellor from 1969 of West Germany.

119
Q

What does Ostpolitik mean?

A

Ostpolitik meant Eastern Policy.

120
Q

What did the Non-aggression treaty do for relations with East Germany?

A

Non-aggression treaty between W.Germany and USSR which improved relations between East and West Germany.

121
Q

How did Willy Brandt ease tensions with Poland?

A

Agreement with Poland recognised Poland’s acquisition of territory and Brandt kneeling in homage at the memorial to Polish Jews eased tensions with Poland.

122
Q

What was the name of the treaty where East and West Germany agreed to send diplomats?

A

Basic Treaty 1972: East and West Germany agreed to exchange diplomats. This made travel and communication easier between the two countries.

123
Q

What caused tensions to rise again between USSR and USA in the late-70s and early-80s?

A

Late-70s, early-80s, tensions rose again between USSR and USA due to USSR invasion of Afghanistan and Ronald Reagan calling Soviet Union the ‘Evil Empire’.

124
Q

Who became leader of the USSR in 1985?

A

1985: Mikhail Gorbachev new leader of USSR.

125
Q

Name and define Gorbachev’s two policies

A

Two policies: perestroika (competition in business) and glasnost (freedom).

126
Q

What was the USSR struggling with in the 80s?

A

USSR was struggling to maintain its global superpower status and could no longer afford to keep up with the arms race.

127
Q

What did the leader of USSR in the 80s stop sending into communist countries?

A

Gorbachev also stopped sending the Red Army to uprisings and protests in Eastern European countries.

128
Q

What was the revolution called led by Havel in Czechoslovakia?

A

Czechoslovakia: 1987 some Perestroika and Glasnost allowed, however, demonstrations in 1988/89 broken by police violence. 1989, Velvet Revolution led by Havel leads to the Communist govt. resigning.

129
Q

Which group formed the non-Communist govt. in Poland?

A

Poland: 1989 free elections held and trade union Solidarity won 99% of seats and formed the first non-communist govt. in Eastern Europe.

130
Q

How many fled to the west when Hungary opened their border with which country?

A

Hungary: Aug 1989 opened border with Austria. 10,000 left for the West

131
Q

Who was the Chancellor of East Germany was forced to resign in 1989?

A

East Germany: Chancellor Honecker forced to resign as he didn’t introduce Gorbachev’s reforms. Thousands migrate Westwards, eventually leading to the fall of Berlin Wall 1989.

132
Q

What happened to Nicolae Ceausescu in Romania?

A

Romania: Dictator Nicolae Ceausescu uses troops on protests. Overthrown by revolution and executed.

133
Q

What led people East Germany to protest against the govt.?

A

Fall communism across Eastern Europe led people in the GDR to protest.

134
Q

Which countries did East Germany go through to use their open borders?

A

Many East Germans had been using the open borders in Hungary and Czechoslovakia to cross into the West.

135
Q

What did Gorbachev’s reforms allow in the East Germany?

A

Gorbachev’s reforms allowed many new opposition groups to form and they put pressure on the govt

136
Q

When does Honecker resign?

A

Honecker resigned in Oct 1989 and his replacement was still reluctant to open the borders.

137
Q

When was the border with West Germany declared open, leading the fall of the Berlin Wall?

A

After continuing demonstrations from East Germans, on 9th November the border with West Germany was opened ‘immediately’. East and West Berliners and forced the guards to open the checkpoints

138
Q

Why did Helmut Kohl give loans to East Germany and the USSR?

A

West German Loans: Helmut Kohl (Chancellor of West Germany) gave loans to East Germany to bail out bankrupt East Germany and given to the USSR so Gorbachev wouldn’t oppose reunification.

139
Q

How did the East German republic show support for reunification?

A

The East German public: Overwhelming support for reunification show in free elections and by 300,000 of East Germans migrating Westwards by March 1990.

140
Q

When did the two currencies merge?

A

Currency Merger: May 1990 the two currencies merged. Ensured reunification was popular in East Germany.

141
Q

How did Gorbachev allow reunification to happen?

A

Gorbachev: His policies of glasnost and perestroika allowed more openness in East Germany, allowing for reunification to be possible.

142
Q

When did the Treaty of Unification come into force?

A

Treaty of Unification: Signed in August 1990 and came into effect on 3rd October 1990.

History (7 decks)

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