Germanh, 1890-1945: Democracy and Dictatorship Flashcards
1
Q
Who controlled the government in Germany from 1890 to 1914?
A
Kaiser Wilhelm II
Wilhelm II had extensive powers and appointed the Chancellor and other officials.
2
Q
What was a characteristic of Kaiser Wilhelm II’s governance?
A
Moody and unstable
His inconsistent governance was marked by violent rages.
3
Q
What type of government developed in Germany during this period?
A
Parliamentary government
Several major political parties existed, leading to coalition governments.
4
Q
What was the political landscape in Germany before 1914?
A
Coalition governments without a majority
Right-wing parties were strong, while left-wing parties gained support from industrial workers.
5
Q
Which state was more powerful than others in Germany?
A
Prussia
Prussia had two-thirds of the population and half the territory.
6
Q
What was Germany’s industrial status by 1914?
A
Leading world producer in chemical and steel industries
Germany produced twice as much steel as Britain and one-third of the world’s electrical goods.
7
Q
What was the population of Germany in 1914?
A
68 million
This was an increase from 40 million in 1871.
8
Q
What issue arose due to the increasing population in Germany?
A
Food imports increased
Farmers could not supply all the food needed for the growing population.
9
Q
What social tensions existed in German society?
A
Demands for social reforms
The socialist movement grew, supported by industrial workers seeking reform.
10
Q
What percentage of seats did the Social Democrat Party hold in the Reichstag in 1912?
A
About 30 percent
Support for the left-wing Social Democrat Party increased during this time.
11
Q
What was the status of the army and navy in Germany?
A
High status with support for expansion
The army in Prussia swore obedience to the Kaiser.
12
Q
What did Kaiser Wilhelm II want to achieve with the navy?
A
Expand the navy to match Britain’s
The Navy Laws permitted the building of more battleships.
13
Q
What was one cause of the First World War related to German policy?
A
Desire for an overseas empire
Kaiser Wilhelm II wanted Germany to have an empire like France and Britain.
14
Q
Fill in the blank: Under Kaiser Wilhelm II, Germany was becoming a _______ industrial power.
A
leading
This reflects Germany’s industrial growth during this period.
15
Q
List two strengths in German society before 1914.
A
- Strong industrial base
- Growing population
These factors contributed to Germany’s status as a leading industrial power.
16
Q
List two weaknesses in German society before 1914.
A
- Political instability
- Social tensions
These issues hindered effective governance and social cohesion.
17
Q
What were the Naval Laws?
A
Legislation allowing the construction of more battleships
These laws aimed to strengthen the German navy.
18
Q
What is the main task of Question 1 in your exam?
A
To compare the content of two interpretations.
19
Q
What should you do with Interpretations A and B in Question 1?
A
Read carefully, understand what is said, and use knowledge to make inferences.
20
Q
How does Interpretation B differ from Interpretation A regarding Kaiser Wilhelm II?
A
Interpretation B focuses on concerns about Wilhelm’s lack of tact.
21
Q
What positive traits are mentioned in Interpretation A about Wilhelm II?
A
Vitality, openness to new ideas, diversity of interests, personal charm.
22
Q
What was a notable criticism of Wilhelm II mentioned in Interpretation B?
A
His absolute unconsciousness of how his speeches and actions affect others.
23
Q
What example illustrates Wilhelm II’s lack of tact in Interpretation B?
A
His remarks about the King of Italy and the Queen.
24
Q
What does Question 5 of your exam focus on?
A
How a key development affected a situation or a group of people.
25
What is a key requirement for top-level answers in Question 5?
Accurate and detailed knowledge used to answer the question.
26
How should answers to Question 5 be structured?
Without an introduction and a conclusion.
27
What was one way Wilhelm II maintained control over the Reichstag?
By ensuring that Reichstag leaders were kept under control.
28
What significant policy did Wilhelm II decide upon that the Reichstag passed?
The expansion of the navy through the Navy Laws.
29
By 1914, what percentage of the Reichstag was made up of socialist members?
About 30 percent.
30
What social benefits were implemented in Germany before the end of the nineteenth century?
Old-age pensions and sickness and unemployment insurance.
31
What group kept much power in Germany during Wilhelm II's rule?
The ruling conservative elite.
32
True or False: The left wing had no influence on policy implementation under Wilhelm II.
False.
33
Fill in the blank: The chief danger of Wilhelm II was his lack of _______.
tact.
34
What is one characteristic used to describe Wilhelm II in Interpretation A?
Dazzling personality.
35
What were the living conditions in Germany by 1918 after the First World War?
Living standards were low, with food and fuel shortages and a major flu epidemic.
36
How many widows and children were left without fathers in Germany after the war?
600,000 widows and 2 million children without fathers.
37
What was the state of Germany's economy post-World War I?
The country was virtually bankrupt and industrial production was only two-thirds of what it had been in 1913.
38
What social divisions deepened during the war in Germany?
Huge differences in living standards between rich and poor.
39
What political changes occurred after Germany's surrender in November 1918?
The Kaiser fled, and a socialist republic was declared in Bavaria.
40
What happened on 9 November 1918?
The Kaiser fled to the Netherlands and abdicated.
41
Who signed the Armistice on 11 November 1918?
Representatives of the Social Democrat Party led by Friedrich Ebert.
42
What was a key feature of the new German constitution?
It made Germany much more democratic than under the Kaiser.
43
How was the President of Germany elected under the new constitution?
Elected by the people every seven years.
44
Who chose the Chancellor in the new German government?
Chosen from the Reichstag by the President, needing Reichstag support.
45
How were members of the Reichstag elected?
Elected by the people through proportional representation.
46
Who could vote in the new German Republic?
All Germans over the age of twenty.
47
What was Article 48 in the new constitution?
It allowed the President to rule directly using emergency powers in a crisis.
48
What political unrest did Ebert's government face?
Dissatisfied soldiers, returning home and new political parties emerging.
49
What uprisings did Ebert's government crush?
A right-wing revolt on 6 December 1918 and a left-wing Communist revolt on 5 January 1919.
50
True or False: The Treaty of Versailles was popular among the German population.
False.
51
Fill in the blank: The Treaty of Versailles led to _______ in Germany.
[political chaos and unrest].
52
What was one consequence of the war for the German government?
Political chaos and dissatisfaction among the population.
53
What event took place on 19 January 1919 in Germany?
Free elections were held
## Footnote
This marked a significant step towards establishing a democratic government in Germany.
54
Who became President of Germany on 11 February 1919?
Ebert
## Footnote
Ebert was a key figure in the establishment of the Weimar Republic.
55
Where did the new German government meet after the elections?
Weimar
## Footnote
Berlin was considered too unstable for the government to convene.
56
What was the name given to the new German government formed after World War I?
Weimar Republic
## Footnote
Named after the city where the government convened.
57
What significant treaty did Ebert's government have to sign in June 1919?
Treaty of Versailles
## Footnote
This treaty placed heavy reparations and blame on Germany for the war.
58
How did the Treaty of Versailles affect Ebert's government?
It weakened his government
## Footnote
Opponents blamed the government for the treaty's consequences.
59
What major economic issue did Germany face from 1919 to 1923?
Hyperinflation
## Footnote
This was a direct consequence of the economic turmoil and reparations.
60
What caused the decline of Germany's traditional industries after the war?
The war itself
## Footnote
Many industries were weakened due to the war's destruction and loss of resources.
61
What happened to Germany's pre-war international trade after World War I?
It disappeared
## Footnote
The war disrupted trade relationships significantly.
62
How much was Germany forced to pay in reparations under the Treaty of Versailles?
£6600 million (£6.6 billion)
## Footnote
This amount was intended as compensation for war damages.
63
What action did French and Belgian troops take in January 1923?
Entered the Ruhr to seize raw materials and goods
## Footnote
This was a response to Germany's failure to pay reparations.
64
What was the result of German workers going on strike in the Ruhr?
Factory production collapsed
## Footnote
The strike was a protest against foreign occupation and unpaid reparations.
65
What was the government's response to running out of money during the crisis?
Printed more money
## Footnote
This led to hyperinflation as the currency lost its value.
66
What happened to bank notes and savings during hyperinflation?
They became worthless
## Footnote
This severely impacted those on fixed incomes and the middle class.
67
How did hyperinflation affect the reputation of the Weimar Republic?
Damaged it
## Footnote
Particularly among the middle classes whose wealth was destroyed.
68
True or False: Hyperinflation and the Great Depression were the same events.
False
## Footnote
They were distinct events with different causes.
69
Fill in the blank: The newly elected German government met at _______.
Weimar
## Footnote
This was due to the instability in Berlin.
70
Identify one type of opposition faced by the Weimar government in 1919.
Left-wing opposition from Spartacists
## Footnote
The Spartacists were a revolutionary socialist group.
71
List the categories of problems faced by the Weimar government in 1919.
* Economic
* Political
* Social
* International
## Footnote
These categories help in analyzing the challenges faced by the government.
72
Who were the Spartacists?
The Spartacists were Communists.
## Footnote
They attempted to overthrow the Weimar government.
73
What happened to the Spartacists?
They were defeated and their leaders were killed.
## Footnote
This occurred during the Spartacist uprising in January 1919.
74
What was the Dawes Plan?
The Dawes Plan was a plan to help Germany pay reparations.
## Footnote
It involved restructuring Germany's payments and securing loans from the USA.
75
Why was the Dawes Plan significant?
It helped stabilize the German economy and ended hyperinflation.
## Footnote
The plan was implemented in 1924.
76
What did Article 48 of the Constitution allow the President to do?
It allowed the President to pass laws without the approval of the Reichstag in an emergency.
## Footnote
This provision contributed to concerns about presidential power.
77
What was a challenge to the Weimar Republic's stability?
The Freikorps wanted the return to strong government as under the Kaiser.
## Footnote
Their desire for a strong government indicated dissatisfaction with the Weimar Republic.
78
What was a supporting factor for the Weimar Republic?
All Germans over the age of 20 could vote.
## Footnote
This expanded democracy and political participation in Germany.
79
What was one achievement of Stresemann?
Stresemann ended hyperinflation and introduced a new currency.
## Footnote
His policies were crucial for economic recovery during the Weimar Republic.
80
What was Germany allowed to do in 1926?
Germany was allowed to join the League of Nations.
## Footnote
This marked a significant step in Germany's reintegration into the international community.
81
What did German prosperity depend largely on in the 1920s?
German prosperity depended largely on US loans.
## Footnote
This reliance on American financial support made Germany vulnerable to economic fluctuations.
82
What was a negative trend in Germany by the end of the 1920s?
Unemployment was rising by the end of the 1920s.
## Footnote
This contributed to social discontent and political instability.
83
Fill in the blank: The Weimar Republic seemed like a new strong government for Germany in the 1920s, but _______ challenged this perception.
various economic and political instability factors.
## Footnote
These factors included hyperinflation, reliance on US loans, and rising unemployment.
84
What event led to the global Depression in 1929?
The Wall Street Crash in the USA
## Footnote
This crash triggered a worldwide economic downturn.
85
Why did Germany's economy suffer during the Great Depression?
Germany depended on loans from the USA and owed reparations to the Allies
## Footnote
The recall of American loans severely impacted German businesses.
86
How many unemployed Germans were there by late 1932?
6 million
## Footnote
This figure illustrates the scale of unemployment during the Great Depression.
87
What happened to the mood of optimism in Germany during the Depression?
It disappeared
## Footnote
The economic crisis led to widespread despair among the population.
88
What was the Weimar government's response to the crisis?
It struggled and failed to end the crisis
## Footnote
The government's inability to respond effectively led to a loss of support.
89
Which parties gained support as a result of the Weimar government's failures?
Extremist parties, including the Nazis
## Footnote
The lack of decisive action from the government allowed these parties to exploit the situation.
90
What groups attracted support from the rich and middle classes during the Depression?
Right-wing parties promising strong rule
## Footnote
Many were drawn to the idea of restoring Germany's status.
91
What was one of the main appeals of the Nazis to the German population?
To make Germany great again
## Footnote
This slogan resonated with many who sought national pride during difficult times.
92
Who were the 'November Criminals'?
Those who surrendered when the war could have been won
## Footnote
They were blamed by the Nazis for Germany's post-war problems.
93
Which treaty did the Nazis promise to abolish?
The Treaty of Versailles
## Footnote
This treaty was viewed as a humiliation for Germany.
94
What was one of the economic promises made by the Nazis?
To end the economic crisis by providing jobs for workers
## Footnote
This promise appealed to the unemployed population.
95
Who did the Nazis blame for Germany's problems?
Jews, Communists, and the November Criminals
## Footnote
The Jews were not emphasized in the early years, but became a central focus later.
96
What was a characteristic of Nazi policies?
They lacked detail and were more like slogans
## Footnote
This vagueness made them harder to criticize.
97
Who was responsible for organizing Nazi propaganda?
Josef Goebbels
## Footnote
Goebbels played a key role in promoting Nazi messages through various media.
98
What tactics did Hitler use to gain public support?
He was a brilliant speaker and traveled around Germany to speak to many people
## Footnote
This innovative approach helped him connect with the electorate.
99
What was the SA?
The Sturmabteilung, or Storm Detachment
## Footnote
The SA was a paramilitary wing of the Nazi Party that provided protection and engaged in violence.
100
List three reasons for increased support for the Nazis.
* Economic instability
* Nationalistic promises
* Anti-Communist sentiments
## Footnote
These factors contributed to the Nazis gaining a significant following.
101
True or False: The SA often had the support of the police and army.
True
## Footnote
This support helped the SA disrupt meetings of political opponents.
102
What skill is essential for comparing interpretations?
Reading carefully, understanding, comparing with knowledge, and making inferences.
103
List reasons why the speaker in Interpretation C supported the Nazis.
* For social justice
* Against unemployment
* Feeling of restless energy
* Drawn by the feeling of strength
104
How can you infer that the speaker in Interpretation C was not wholeheartedly in support?
She acknowledged that there was much in it that was highly questionable.
105
Why might the speaker in Interpretation C have supported the Nazis despite doubts?
The feeling of strength and social justice offered by the party.
106
Did the speaker in Interpretation D support the Nazis for the same reasons as the speaker in Interpretation C?
No.
107
Why did the speaker in Interpretation D think of the Jews as a 'problem'?
Many Jews were seen as loyal to each other, gaining positions in trade, banking, newspapers, etc.
108
What was Hitler's skill as a speaker?
He was a powerful speaker who gave the impression he knew how to solve Germany's problems.
109
How did Hitler's speaking engagements contribute to his popularity?
He traveled by plane at election time to reach as many people as possible.
110
What was the role of the Nazis' private army, the SA?
[Fill in the blank]
111
What impact did Nazi propaganda have on Hitler's popularity?
[Fill in the blank]
112
Describe two ways in which Germany suffered economically after the Wall Street Crash.
[Fill in the blank]
113
114
What was a major flaw of the Weimar government?
The democratic system did not cope well with crises
## Footnote
Proportional representation led to too many small parties, making it difficult to take action.
115
Who was Chancellor from 1930 to 1932?
Chancellor Brüning
## Footnote
Brüning used Article 48 to pass emergency laws.
116
What did Brüning do in response to the economic crisis?
Cut government spending and welfare benefits
## Footnote
This worsened the economic problems for many Germans.
117
What was the outcome of the 1930 election for the Nazis?
The Nazis won 107 seats
## Footnote
This was a significant increase from the twelve seats they had in 1928.
118
Who was the largest party in the Reichstag after the 1930 election?
The Social Democratic Party
## Footnote
Supported by most workers.
119
How many seats did the Nazis gain in the July 1932 election?
230 seats
## Footnote
They became the largest party but still lacked a majority.
120
What was Hitler's result in the presidential election against Hindenburg in 1932?
Hitler gained 13 million votes
## Footnote
Hindenburg gained 19 million votes.
121
Why did Hindenburg eventually appoint Hitler as Chancellor?
He had enough Reichstag support to govern
## Footnote
Hindenburg initially avoided appointing Hitler due to his reluctance.
122
Who was appointed as Vice-Chancellor when Hitler became Chancellor?
Von Papen
## Footnote
They believed they could control Hitler with a majority of non-Nazis in the government.
123
What was a key point about the Nazis' rise to power?
After the elections in 1932, they became the largest party
## Footnote
Hindenburg had little choice but to appoint Hitler as Chancellor.
124
125
When did Hitler become Chancellor of Germany?
30 January 1933
126
What was the general belief about Hitler's government when he first became Chancellor?
Many Germans believed that Hitler's new government would not last long
127
What was Article 48?
A constitutional provision that allowed the President to rule by decree in an emergency
128
How did Chancellor Brüning try to solve the problems caused by the Depression?
Brüning implemented austerity measures and cuts in public spending
129
Why did Hindenburg make Hitler Chancellor in January 1933?
Hindenburg believed he could control Hitler and use him for his own political purposes
130
What are the two reasons for Hitler's appointment as Chancellor in 1933 discussed in the essay plan?
* The effects of the Wall Street Crash
* The role of Nazi propaganda
131
What was a key effect of the Wall Street Crash mentioned in the essay plan?
American loans were withdrawn so businesses went bankrupt
132
What is the first step in writing a good essay according to the plan?
Note down evidence or points to include in paragraphs 1 and 2
133
What should you do if you are uncertain about writing an introduction for your essay?
Rather than a poor introduction, do not write one at all
134
What should be included in the conclusion of the essay?
Link the two reasons and reach a judgement on which is more important
135
Fill in the blank: The secret of writing a good essay is good _______.
[planning]
136
What event gave Hitler an excuse to crush the Communists?
The Reichstag Fire
## Footnote
The Reichstag Fire occurred on 27 February 1933, just before the elections.
137
What did the Nazis blame the Reichstag Fire on?
The Communists
## Footnote
The Nazis used the fire to justify their actions against Communist factions.
138
What significant action did Hitler take a week before the March 1933 elections?
Called for elections
## Footnote
This was part of his strategy to consolidate power.
139
What was the result of the Nazi Party in the March 5, 1933 elections?
288 seats
## Footnote
This was their best ever result in the Reichstag.
140
What did the Enabling Act allow Hitler to do?
Pass laws for four years without consulting the Reichstag
## Footnote
This was a key step in establishing his dictatorship.
141
How did the Reichstag approve the Enabling Act?
By a huge majority after intimidation
## Footnote
Hitler used the SA and SS to intimidate Reichstag members.
142
What happened to political opponents of the Nazis?
They were rounded up and imprisoned in concentration camps
## Footnote
This was part of the Nazis' consolidation of power.
143
What happened to trade unions under Nazi rule?
They were banned and replaced by the German Labour Front
## Footnote
Workers had to join this new organization controlled by the Nazis.
144
What was the Night of the Long Knives?
A purge of SA leaders in June 1934
## Footnote
Ernst Röhm was among those killed during this event.
145
How many members did the SA have at its peak?
2.5 million
## Footnote
The SA was initially a key part of Nazi success but became a threat to Hitler's control.
146
Who took control of the SS after the Night of the Long Knives?
Hitler
## Footnote
The SS became his private army following this event.
147
What title did Hitler declare for himself in August 1934?
Führer
## Footnote
He combined the roles of Chancellor and President after Hindenburg's death.
148
What did the army do after Hitler declared himself Führer?
Swore an oath of personal loyalty to Hitler
## Footnote
This solidified his control over the military.
149
Fill in the blank: The Enabling Act was passed in _______.
March 1933
## Footnote
This act was crucial for Hitler's rise to dictatorial power.
150
True or False: The SA was seen as a stable and reliable force after its growth.
False
## Footnote
The SA was viewed as an unruly mob and a threat to Hitler's control.
151
Who was Ernst Röhm?
Leader of the SA
## Footnote
He was executed during the Night of the Long Knives.
152
What event gave Hitler an excuse to crush the Communists?
The Reichstag Fire
## Footnote
The Reichstag Fire occurred on 27 February 1933, just before the elections.
153
What did the Nazis blame the Reichstag Fire on?
The Communists
## Footnote
The Nazis used the fire to justify their actions against Communist factions.
154
What significant action did Hitler take a week before the March 1933 elections?
Called for elections
## Footnote
This was part of his strategy to consolidate power.
155
What was the result of the Nazi Party in the March 5, 1933 elections?
288 seats
## Footnote
This was their best ever result in the Reichstag.
156
What did the Enabling Act allow Hitler to do?
Pass laws for four years without consulting the Reichstag
## Footnote
This was a key step in establishing his dictatorship.
157
How did the Reichstag approve the Enabling Act?
By a huge majority after intimidation
## Footnote
Hitler used the SA and SS to intimidate Reichstag members.
158
What happened to political opponents of the Nazis?
They were rounded up and imprisoned in concentration camps
## Footnote
This was part of the Nazis' consolidation of power.
159
What happened to trade unions under Nazi rule?
They were banned and replaced by the German Labour Front
## Footnote
Workers had to join this new organization controlled by the Nazis.
160
What was the Night of the Long Knives?
A purge of SA leaders in June 1934
## Footnote
Ernst Röhm was among those killed during this event.
161
How many members did the SA have at its peak?
2.5 million
## Footnote
The SA was initially a key part of Nazi success but became a threat to Hitler's control.
162
Who took control of the SS after the Night of the Long Knives?
Hitler
## Footnote
The SS became his private army following this event.
163
What title did Hitler declare for himself in August 1934?
Führer
## Footnote
He combined the roles of Chancellor and President after Hindenburg's death.
164
What did the army do after Hitler declared himself Führer?
Swore an oath of personal loyalty to Hitler
## Footnote
This solidified his control over the military.
165
Fill in the blank: The Enabling Act was passed in _______.
March 1933
## Footnote
This act was crucial for Hitler's rise to dictatorial power.
166
True or False: The SA was seen as a stable and reliable force after its growth.
False
## Footnote
The SA was viewed as an unruly mob and a threat to Hitler's control.
167
Who was Ernst Röhm?
Leader of the SA
## Footnote
He was executed during the Night of the Long Knives.
168
What did the Enabling Act allow Hitler to do?
Gave Hitler power to pass laws without the Reichstag for four years
## Footnote
The Enabling Act was a critical piece of legislation that facilitated Hitler's dictatorship.
169
What was the significance of the Reichstag Fire?
Gave the Nazis an excuse to clamp down on the Communists
## Footnote
The Reichstag Fire was used by the Nazis to justify the suppression of political opposition.
170
What was the impact of the Wall Street Crash on Germany?
Led to a severe depression in Germany with high unemployment
## Footnote
The economic turmoil created conditions that favored extremist parties like the Nazis.
171
What effect did proportional representation have on the Reichstag?
Meant that no party ever gained a majority in the Reichstag
## Footnote
This made it hard to agree on solutions to the economic crisis.
172
What was the outcome of the Night of the Long Knives?
Removed the SA as a potential threat to Hitler's authority
## Footnote
This event solidified Hitler's control over the Nazi Party and the military.
173
How does Interpretation E view van der Lubbe's role in the Reichstag Fire?
Believes van der Lubbe started the fire on his own
## Footnote
This interpretation suggests he acted independently without assistance.
174
How does Interpretation F differ from Interpretation E regarding the Reichstag Fire?
Claims van der Lubbe could not have been the arsonist as the building was already burning
## Footnote
This account implies a conspiracy or premeditated action by the Nazis.
175
Fill in the blank: The _______ was used by the Nazis to justify the arrest of Communists following the Reichstag Fire.
[Reichstag Fire]
176
What did Rudolf Diels claim about van der Lubbe's skills?
He was an expert arsonist who did not need helpers
## Footnote
Diels argued that van der Lubbe could have set multiple fires by himself.
177
Why might the authors of Interpretations E and F have different views on the Reichstag Fire?
Due to their different backgrounds and purposes in writing
## Footnote
Diels was a Nazi official, while Lennings was an SA member who later faced consequences.
178
Which interpretation is considered more convincing about the Reichstag Fire?
Interpretation F is more convincing
## Footnote
It provides eyewitness testimony that challenges the official narrative.
179
What was the unemployment rate in Germany in 1933?
Over 5 million.
180
What was the unemployment rate in Germany by 1939?
Virtually zero.
181
What were the main methods used by the Nazis to reduce unemployment?
* Public works
* Rearmament
* Conscription
* National Labour Service
182
When was conscription introduced in Germany?
1935.
183
What was the purpose of the National Labour Service?
To employ workers to build a network of autobahns, more railways, and new houses.
184
What was 'The New Plan' and who devised it?
'The New Plan' was devised by Dr. Schacht and ran from 1933-36.
185
What plan replaced 'The New Plan' in 1936?
The Four-Year Plan under Hermann Goering.
186
What was the goal of the Four-Year Plan?
To make Germany self-sufficient by 1940.
187
Which group of workers mostly gained from Nazi rule in the 1930s?
Industrial workers.
188
What happened to trade unions under Nazi rule?
They were abolished.
189
What was the name of the organization that controlled workers in Nazi Germany?
German Labour Front.
190
True or False: Many German civilians benefited from the improved economy during the 1930s.
True.
191
What was a significant issue for workers in the final three years of the war?
Wages remained low and the standard of living stayed below pre-Depression levels.
192
What started in 1942 that affected the German economy?
Rationing.
193
What type of production did Germany shift towards from 1942?
War production.
194
What were some benefits provided to farming communities by the Nazis?
* Guaranteed food prices
* Rights to keep their land
195
Who were excluded from the prosperity under Nazi rule?
Nazi opponents, Jews, and other 'undesirables'.
196
Fill in the blank: The government used propaganda to make workers proud to be helping make Germany _______.
great again.
197
What were some rewards offered to workers to keep their loyalty?
* Cheap cinema tickets
* Trips
* Sporting events
198
What happened to Jewish businesses under Nazi rule?
They were boycotted or closed down.
199
200
What significant change occurred in the German economy from 1942 onwards?
The economy was totally directed towards war production
## Footnote
This shift occurred after Germany began to suffer defeats in World War II.
201
What were the main shortages faced by German civilians after 1942?
Shortages of food, fuel, and other essentials
## Footnote
These shortages were exacerbated by the war's progression and the focus on military production.
202
What was the impact of bombing raids on German cities during WWII?
About half a million German citizens died and 7.5 million became homeless
## Footnote
Major cities bombed included Berlin and Dresden, aimed to break German morale.
203
Which countries conducted bombing raids on Germany starting in 1942?
The British and Americans
## Footnote
These raids intensified as the war progressed and aimed at crippling Germany's morale.
204
Fill in the blank: Rationing started in ______ on food and clothes.
1939
205
True or False: There were significant shortages of food and clothes in the first two years of the war.
False
## Footnote
In the first two years, imports from defeated countries mitigated shortages.
206
What were the consequences of the war for many Germans by 1945?
Many became refugees, fleeing the advancing Soviet armies
## Footnote
This was a result of the deteriorating situation as the Allies advanced.
207
Describe two problems faced by German civilians in cities like Berlin in the final months of the Second World War.
1. Severe food shortages
2. Increased homelessness due to bombing raids
208
What was one reason for unemployment going down in Germany between 1933-39?
The Nazis created jobs
209
How did Nazi policies benefit farmers between 1933-39?
Farmers were helped by Nazi policies
210
What is one of the main essay questions regarding German support for Hitler in the 1930s?
Which was the more important reason for most Germans supporting Hitler: The Nazis providing jobs or Nazi policies encouraging loyalty?
211
List two factors that contributed to the Nazis providing jobs.
* Public works programs
* Military rearmament
212
List two factors that contributed to Nazi policies encouraging loyalty.
* Propaganda campaigns
* The establishment of youth organizations
213
Fill in the blank: The bombing of cities such as ______ and ______ was intended to break German morale.
Berlin, Dresden
214
215
What significant change occurred in the German economy from 1942 onwards?
The economy was totally directed towards war production
## Footnote
This shift occurred after Germany began to suffer defeats in World War II.
216
What were the main shortages faced by German civilians after 1942?
Shortages of food, fuel, and other essentials
## Footnote
These shortages were exacerbated by the war's progression and the focus on military production.
217
What was the impact of bombing raids on German cities during WWII?
About half a million German citizens died and 7.5 million became homeless
## Footnote
Major cities bombed included Berlin and Dresden, aimed to break German morale.
218
Which countries conducted bombing raids on Germany starting in 1942?
The British and Americans
## Footnote
These raids intensified as the war progressed and aimed at crippling Germany's morale.
219
Fill in the blank: Rationing started in ______ on food and clothes.
1939
220
True or False: There were significant shortages of food and clothes in the first two years of the war.
False
## Footnote
In the first two years, imports from defeated countries mitigated shortages.
221
What were the consequences of the war for many Germans by 1945?
Many became refugees, fleeing the advancing Soviet armies
## Footnote
This was a result of the deteriorating situation as the Allies advanced.
222
Describe two problems faced by German civilians in cities like Berlin in the final months of the Second World War.
1. Severe food shortages
2. Increased homelessness due to bombing raids
223
What was one reason for unemployment going down in Germany between 1933-39?
The Nazis created jobs
224
How did Nazi policies benefit farmers between 1933-39?
Farmers were helped by Nazi policies
225
What is one of the main essay questions regarding German support for Hitler in the 1930s?
Which was the more important reason for most Germans supporting Hitler: The Nazis providing jobs or Nazi policies encouraging loyalty?
226
List two factors that contributed to the Nazis providing jobs.
* Public works programs
* Military rearmament
227
List two factors that contributed to Nazi policies encouraging loyalty.
* Propaganda campaigns
* The establishment of youth organizations
228
Fill in the blank: The bombing of cities such as ______ and ______ was intended to break German morale.
Berlin, Dresden
229
What was Hitler's vision for Germans in Nazi society?
Hitler wanted all Germans to think of themselves as part of the German state.
230
What role did Hitler envision for women in Nazi Germany?
A woman's role was to be a wife or a mother.
231
What incentives were given to married couples in Nazi Germany?
Married couples were encouraged to have more children and were given rewards for doing so.
232
What restrictions were placed on married women regarding work?
Married women were restricted in what work they could do until there was a shortage of workers in the late 1930s.
233
How were children educated to align with Nazi ideology?
Children were taught to be good Nazis through school subjects angled to teach Nazi ideas and organizations like the Hitler Youth and the League of German Maidens.
234
What was the significance of physical fitness in Nazi youth policy?
Physical fitness was important for girls (for child-bearing) and boys (to become future German soldiers).
235
What was the Concordat signed by Hitler in 1933?
It was an agreement with the Catholic Church promising not to interfere as long as the Church did not interfere in politics.
236
What was the Reich Church?
An official state Protestant Church set up by Hitler, initially supported by many Germans.
237
Who was Martin Niemöller and what did he do?
He was a Protestant Church leader who stood up to Hitler by establishing independent churches.
238
What racial ideology did the Nazis promote?
The Nazis believed in the superiority of the Aryan race and persecuted other racial groups, including Jews and gypsies.
239
What were the Nuremberg Laws of 1935?
Laws that stated Jews were not German citizens and could not marry Germans.
240
What was Kristallnacht?
A Nazi-organized purge in November 1938 where Jewish properties were attacked, many Jews were killed or injured, and thousands were taken to concentration camps.
241
What was the impact of the war on Hitler's actions against the Jews?
Hitler's campaigns against the Jews expanded from Germany to newly conquered territories, such as Poland.
242
What were ghettos in the context of Nazi Germany?
Areas of a city where Jews were forced to live in overcrowded conditions with poor sanitation.
243
Fill in the blank: Hitler intended to ______ German society to reflect Nazi ideals and beliefs.
[transform]
244
True or False: There was room for alternative views in Nazi society.
False
245
List some groups that were persecuted by the Nazis.
* Jews
* Gypsies
* Other racial groups
246
What was the outcome for many Jews during Kristallnacht?
* Properties attacked
* Many killed or injured
* 20,000 taken to concentration camps
* Hundreds of synagogues destroyed
247
What was the Nazi policy called that aimed to eliminate the Jewish population?
The Final Solution
## Footnote
This policy was implemented in 1942 and involved transporting Jews to death camps.
248
What were the areas called where Jews were forced to live in overcrowded conditions?
Ghettos
## Footnote
Ghettos had little sanitation or food, leading to many deaths from disease or starvation.
249
What were the SS squads responsible for executing Jews called?
Einsatzgruppen
## Footnote
These squads conducted mass shootings of Jews and other targeted groups.
250
What happened to other groups targeted by the Nazis, such as Jehovah's Witnesses and homosexuals?
They were also murdered in death camps
## Footnote
The Nazis aimed to eliminate various groups they deemed undesirable.
251
What was the general consensus among historians about Hitler's responsibility for the Holocaust?
There is no agreement on how much he was personally responsible
## Footnote
However, it is clear that he was aware of the extermination actions.
252
How did other countries respond upon discovering Nazi atrocities?
They found it hard to believe the full extent and took little specific action
## Footnote
Many countries were slow to respond to reports of the Holocaust.
253
What year did the Nazis begin their systematic extermination of Jews?
1942
## Footnote
This marked the beginning of the Final Solution.
254
Name two death camps where Jews were taken during the Holocaust.
* Auschwitz
* Treblinka
## Footnote
These camps were located in Poland and were sites of mass murder.
255
What significant change occurred in the treatment of Jews after the invasion of Russia in 1941?
Jews were rounded up and forced into ghettos
## Footnote
This led to increased persecution and suffering.
256
What was the impact of the Nuremberg Laws passed in 1935 on Jews?
They were no longer German citizens
## Footnote
This legal change stripped Jews of their rights and citizenship.
257
What was one of the Nazi's racial theories that justified their actions?
Aryan superiority
## Footnote
This ideology was a cornerstone of Nazi beliefs and policies.
258
What was a key action taken by the Nazis against Jews in 1938?
Further actions included increased persecution
## Footnote
This included events like Kristallnacht, the Night of Broken Glass.
259
True or False: German children were taught they were part of a master race.
True
## Footnote
This indoctrination was part of the Nazi education system.
260
Fill in the blank: Married couples were given financial rewards if they had _______ or more children.
four
## Footnote
This was part of the Nazi policy to encourage Aryan births.
261
What was one way in which women's careers were restricted under Nazi rule?
They were limited in the professions they could pursue
## Footnote
The regime promoted traditional gender roles.
262
What was the perception of most German boys towards the Hitler Youth movement?
Most were keen to join
## Footnote
This reflects the strong indoctrination and appeal of Nazi ideologies.
263
What was the primary purpose of Nazi propaganda?
To stress the importance of the Nazi state and the superiority of the German people
## Footnote
It aimed to create a unified national identity and support for the regime.
264
What annual event did the Nazis organize to showcase their power?
The Nuremberg Rally
## Footnote
These rallies featured large meetings and marches to demonstrate discipline and order.
265
Who controlled the media in Nazi Germany?
Goebbels
## Footnote
He managed broadcasts on the radio and in newspapers, ensuring alignment with Nazi ideology.
266
What happened to books that did not reflect Nazi values?
They were burned
## Footnote
This was part of the broader censorship efforts under the regime.
267
What was the role of the SS under Himmler?
Responsible for destroying opposition to the Nazis and carrying out Nazi racial policies
## Footnote
The SS was a key organization in maintaining Nazi control.
268
What powers did the Gestapo have?
Could arrest on suspicion and send people to concentration camps without trial
## Footnote
The Gestapo acted as a secret police force that instilled fear.
269
What type of camps were established to detain political prisoners in Nazi Germany?
Concentration camps
## Footnote
These camps were used to terrorize opponents and critics of the regime.
270
What was the general public's attitude toward Nazi rule during the 1930s?
Many valued the Nazis' economic achievements and stable government
## Footnote
This contributed to limited resistance against the regime.
271
Who were the leaders of the White Rose Group?
Students at Munich University
## Footnote
They criticized the Nazis through leaflets, posters, and graffiti.
272
What was the Swing Youth's main form of rebellion against the Nazis?
Playing American jazz music
## Footnote
This group was made up of middle-class teenagers who rejected Nazi values.
273
True or False: The Nazis took the Swing Youth's rebellion seriously.
False
## Footnote
Although they disapproved, the Nazis did not impose severe punishments.
274
What was the outcome of the Stauffenberg bomb plot in July 1944?
The bomb went off but Hitler was only slightly injured
## Footnote
This assassination attempt was one of the closest to success.
275
What was the Nazi response to the July Bomb Plot?
The plotters were executed and 5000 opponents were killed
## Footnote
The regime's response was typically violent and harsh.
276
What characterized Nazi Germany as a police state?
Control through terror, propaganda, and censorship
## Footnote
This resulted in limited opposition to the Nazi leadership.
277
What distinguishes concentration camps from death camps?
Concentration camps were for detaining political prisoners, death camps were for mass murder
## Footnote
The mass murder of Jews began in 1942.
278
Who were the Edelweiss Pirates?
Disaffected, mainly working-class teenagers who made fun of the Nazis
## Footnote
They were mostly ignored until some were hanged for espionage during the war.
279
How did the lives of children change in the 1930s under Nazi rule?
Children were taught how to be good Nazis, the ruling race ideology, encouraged to join Hitler Youth, learned military drill, and engaged in strenuous exercise.
## Footnote
The education system was heavily influenced by Nazi ideology, aiming to instill loyalty and physical fitness.
280
What were the Nuremberg rallies?
Large propaganda events held by the Nazis to showcase their power and unity.
## Footnote
These rallies were part of the Nazi propaganda machine, demonstrating the regime's strength and ideology.
281
List three reasons why there was little opposition to Hitler in the 1930s.
* Propaganda and censorship
* Fear of the SS and Gestapo
* Economic recovery and stability
## Footnote
The combination of state control and perceived improvements in living standards contributed to limited opposition.
282
List three groups who resisted Hitler during the Second World War and what happened to them.
* Communists - faced imprisonment or execution
* Socialists - targeted and persecuted
* Religious groups - some were imprisoned for opposing Nazi policies
## Footnote
Resistance often led to severe consequences, including death or imprisonment.
283
What did Henry Metelmann say about his experiences in the Hitler Youth?
He enjoyed the comradeship, marching, sports, and war games, and viewed the Führer as a second god.
## Footnote
Metelmann's perspective highlights the indoctrination and appeal of Nazi youth organizations.
284
How does Interpretation H differ from Interpretation G about the attitudes of young people towards Nazi rule?
Interpretation G shows a positive view of the Hitler Youth, while Interpretation H describes a negative experience of women's lives under Nazi ideals.
## Footnote
The contrasting views reflect different personal experiences and societal pressures.
285
Why might the authors of Interpretations G and H have different views about life for young people in Nazi Germany?
Their differences may stem from personal backgrounds, experiences, and societal roles during the Nazi regime.
## Footnote
Interpretation G comes from a youth perspective, while Interpretation H reflects a woman's experience.
286
Which interpretation gives the more convincing opinion about the attitudes of young people towards Nazi rule?
This is subjective; it depends on contextual knowledge and interpretation of the sources.
## Footnote
Evaluating evidence from both interpretations requires analysis of their context and reliability.
287
Fill in the blank: The Nazis believed they were destined to _______.
[rule the earth].
## Footnote
This belief underpinned much of their aggressive expansionist policies.
288
What was a significant aspect of education for children under Nazi rule?
Teaching loyalty to the Führer and Nazi ideology.
## Footnote
Education was a key tool for indoctrination during the regime.
289
True or False: The Hitler Youth was mandatory for all children in Nazi Germany.
False.
## Footnote
While highly encouraged, there was no formal law mandating participation.
