Conflict and tension, 1894-1918 Flashcards
1
Q
What year did Germany become one of the most powerful states in Europe?
A
By 1914
Germany unified as a collection of smaller states in 1871.
2
Q
What significant area did Germany gain after a war against France?
A
Alsace-Lorraine
This region was important for its industrial resources.
3
Q
By what year had Germany outproduced Britain?
A
1904
4
Q
Which countries formed the Triple Alliance with Germany?
A
- Austria-Hungary
- Italy
Austria-Hungary joined in 1872 and Italy in 1882.
5
Q
What two countries became allies, causing concern for Germany?
A
- France
- Russia
6
Q
What was the main reason for the tensions among the major powers of Europe?
A
The creation of powerful mutual alliances
7
Q
What ethnic groups in Austria-Hungary sought independence?
A
- Czechs
- Serbs
8
Q
Which country supported Serbia, posing a threat to Austria-Hungary?
A
Russia
9
Q
Why did Italy join the Triple Alliance?
A
To build an empire of its own
10
Q
What year did France and Russia form a secret alliance?
A
1892
11
Q
What was France’s goal regarding Alsace-Lorraine?
A
To regain it from Germany
12
Q
What type of economy was Russia characterized by?
A
Agrarian
13
Q
What was the purpose of French loans to Russia?
A
To help build up its industry
14
Q
What ethnic group did Russia and Serbia belong to?
A
Slavs
15
Q
What year did Britain, France, and Russia form the Triple Entente?
A
1907
16
Q
What was the primary threat that Britain perceived by 1907?
A
Germany
17
Q
What agreements did Britain sign with France and Russia?
A
- Agreement with France in 1904
- Agreement with Russia in 1907
18
Q
What crises increased tensions in Europe?
A
The Moroccan and Bosnian crises
19
Q
What event in 1905 increased tensions between Germany and France?
A
Kaiser Wilhelm’s speech supporting Moroccan independence
This speech angered France, who was planning to take control of Morocco.
20
Q
What was the outcome of the conference intended to settle the Moroccan dispute?
A
It caused more tension between Germany, France, and Britain
Germany felt ignored and worried about the support between France and Britain.
21
Q
Which two rival empires influenced the Balkans?
A
Austria-Hungary and Russia
The Balkans was unstable as countries were becoming independent.
22
Q
What action did Austria take in 1908 that angered Serbia and Russia?
A
Austria took control of Bosnia
This led to Germany supporting Austria, forcing Russia and Serbia to back down.
23
Q
What notable action did Germany take in response to France’s movements in Morocco in 1911?
A
Germany sent a gunboat to the port of Agadir
This was a direct response to France moving to take over Morocco.
24
Q
What agreement did Britain and France reach in response to the 1911 Moroccan crisis?
A
They agreed to use their navies to contain the German navy
This crisis contributed to the formation of the Triple Entente.
25
What is one word that summarizes the topic of the causes of the First World War?
Alliances
26
List two alliances in Europe prior to World War I.
* Triple Alliance
* Triple Entente
27
Name three countries that were part of the Central Powers.
* Germany
* Austria-Hungary
* Italy
28
What are four reasons why France, Russia, and Britain formed an alliance?
* To counteract German power
* To support each other against aggression
* To maintain balance of power
* To protect their colonial interests
29
Fill in the blank: The Kaiser aimed to _______.
[expand German influence]
30
True or False: Source A supports the formation of the Triple Entente.
True
## Footnote
The source is a French cartoon from 1907 showing Kaiser Wilhelm being kicked by France, Russia, and Great Britain.
31
32
What was Britain's foreign policy approach known as?
Splendid isolation
## Footnote
This policy involved avoiding alliances in Europe.
33
What was Britain's status in terms of Empire and navy?
Largest Empire and navy in the world.
34
Who was Britain's main trading partner outside the Empire?
Germany.
35
What familial connection existed between the monarchies of Britain and Germany?
They were family relatives.
36
How did Britain respond to Germany's ambitions in colonialism and navy development?
Britain opposed any attempts by Germany to gain colonies or develop its navy.
37
What was the name of Germany's foreign policy aimed at increasing its global influence?
Weltpolitik.
38
What did Wilhelm II want for Germany?
A more important role in world affairs and to build up an Empire.
39
What did Germany's aggressive foreign policy include?
A large navy, intimidation, and diplomacy.
40
What was the perception of Germany's military policy?
Militaristic, celebrating military strength and holding large military rallies.
41
What led to the naval arms race between Britain and Germany?
Germany's announcement of plans for a large navy in 1898.
42
How many Dreadnoughts did Germany have by 1914 compared to Britain?
Germany had 17 Dreadnoughts and Britain had 29.
43
What was the purpose of Germany's navy according to its government?
To protect Germany's overseas trade.
44
What was the name of the German war plan that prepared for a quick strike on France?
Schlieffen Plan.
45
What was the French military plan for a quick war against Germany called?
Plan 17.
46
How many men did Britain prepare to send as the British Expeditionary Force?
150,000 men.
47
Fill in the blank: Tensions between Britain and Germany led to a huge build-up of _______.
naval power.
48
True or False: By 1910, France, Britain, Russia, and Germany all had armies of nearly one million men or more.
True.
49
What was the historical debate among historians regarding Germany's militaristic policy?
Whether it was aggressive or defensive.
50
What significant warship was launched by Britain in 1906?
HMS Dreadnought.
51
List the major powers that were increasing the size of their armies by 1910.
* France
* Britain
* Russia
* Germany
52
What did the alliance system in Europe contribute to in the early 20th century?
The belief that war was unavoidable.
53
What policy did the Kaiser encourage that increased tensions in Europe?
Weltpolitik
## Footnote
Weltpolitik was a foreign policy aimed at transforming Germany into a global power by expanding its navy and empire.
54
What did the Kaiser announce regarding Germany's navy?
Germany would build a large navy
## Footnote
This announcement was part of the broader strategy to assert Germany's power and influence.
55
What significant naval ship did Britain launch in 1906?
Dreadnought
## Footnote
The Dreadnought was a revolutionary battleship that changed naval warfare and intensified the arms race.
56
What action did each power take in response to the growing tensions?
Developed a war plan
## Footnote
Each country created detailed military strategies anticipating conflict, contributing to the overall tension.
57
What was one of the main reasons for increased tension in Europe by 1914?
German foreign policy
## Footnote
This policy aimed at military expansion led to an arms race and alliances forming against Germany.
58
Fill in the blank: German foreign policy was one of the main reasons for ______ in Europe by 1914.
tension
59
True or False: There is a right or wrong answer to essay questions about historical interpretations.
False
## Footnote
Historical interpretations can vary, and as long as evidence supports the view, any stance can be valid.
60
What is the purpose of writing an account of the Naval Arms Race?
To show how it led to increased international tension in Europe
## Footnote
This involves selecting key episodes and explaining their contributions to the tensions.
61
What is a crucial weakness in the paragraph about German foreign policy?
Lack of supporting evidence and details
## Footnote
A higher standard requires clear arguments and specific examples to bolster claims.
62
Who was assassinated by Serbian nationalists?
Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand
## Footnote
He was visiting Sarajevo, which was under Austrian control.
63
What was the name of the group that carried out the assassination of Franz Ferdinand?
The Black Hand Gang
## Footnote
They were Serbian nationalists aiming for Bosnia's independence from Austria.
64
What event led to the change in the planned route of Franz Ferdinand's car?
An unsuccessful bomb attempt
## Footnote
This led to the driver getting lost, stopping near Gavrilo Princip.
65
Who killed Franz Ferdinand and his wife?
Gavrilo Princip
## Footnote
He shot them after their car stopped nearby.
66
What was Austria-Hungary's response to the assassination of Franz Ferdinand?
Decided to deal harshly with Serbia
## Footnote
This was influenced by increased power from previous Balkan wars.
67
Which country supported Austria-Hungary following the assassination?
Germany
## Footnote
Germany wanted to demonstrate its strong influence in the region.
68
What did Austria-Hungary send to Serbia on July 23?
An ultimatum
## Footnote
This was a list of demands that Serbia had to accept or face war.
69
How many of the demands did Serbia accept from Austria-Hungary?
Nine out of ten demands
## Footnote
Serbia refused to allow interference in their justice system.
70
What was Serbia's proposal to resolve the conflict?
To settle the matter at the International Court
## Footnote
Austria-Hungary refused this proposal.
71
What date did Austria declare war on Serbia?
28 July
## Footnote
This marked the beginning of the conflict escalating into a broader war.
72
What did Russia do on 30 July?
Mobilised its forces against Austria
## Footnote
This was in response to Austria's declaration of war on Serbia.
73
What was the Schlieffen Plan?
Germany's strategy to defeat France quickly before facing Russia
## Footnote
It involved invading France through Belgium.
74
What was the significance of the 1839 treaty regarding Belgium?
It promised Belgium's neutrality
## Footnote
This was violated when Germany invaded Belgium.
75
What date did Britain prepare its warships?
2 August
## Footnote
This was in response to the escalating conflict.
76
What triggered Britain to declare war on Germany?
Germany's invasion of Belgium
## Footnote
This occurred on 4 August.
77
List three key dates in the timeline of events leading to WWI.
* 28 June: Franz Ferdinand assassinated
* 28 July: Austria attacks Serbia
* 30 July: Russia mobilises its army
## Footnote
These events marked crucial steps towards the onset of the war.
78
What event triggered Britain to declare war on Germany?
Germany's refusal to withdraw from Belgium after an ultimatum
## Footnote
Britain declared war on Germany at midnight on 4 August 1914.
79
On what date did Austria declare war on Russia?
6 August 1914
80
What was the initial military situation in the war?
The war quickly became a stalemate
81
What factor slowed the German Army's advance through Belgium?
Strong resistance from Belgian forces
82
What forced the Germans to move 100,000 troops East?
Russia's rapid mobilization
83
What was the outcome of the Battle of the Marne?
A combined British and French force pushed back the German Army
84
By early September 1914, what defensive strategy did both sides adopt?
Digging trenches
85
What was the 'race to the sea'?
Both sides tried to outflank each other but neither succeeded
86
What event marked the beginning of the series of declarations of war in 1914?
Austria declared war on Serbia
87
Which country mobilized to defend Serbia after Austria declared war?
Russia
88
Who was assassinated by Serbian nationalists, leading to heightened tensions?
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
89
What action did Germany take following Austria's ultimatum to Serbia?
Germany enacted the Schlieffen Plan and began an invasion of Belgium
90
What ultimatum did Austria send to Serbia?
A harsh ultimatum with ten demands
91
What was Britain's response to Germany's actions in Belgium?
Britain sent Germany an ultimatum
92
What was the significance of Serbia's response to the ultimatum?
Serbia refused one of the ten demands
93
True or False: The British Expeditionary Force helped to slow the German advance.
True
94
Fill in the blank: The German advance was slowed by _______.
[Belgian resistance]
95
Explain why Belgian resistance contributed to the stalemate.
It slowed the German advance and gave more time for the British and French to prepare defenses.
96
Explain how Russian mobilization impacted the German military strategy.
It forced the Germans to redirect troops East.
97
What was the strategic significance of the Battle of the Marne?
It marked a turning point by halting the German advance.
98
What type of warfare characterized the Western Front by the end of 1914?
Trench warfare
99
What was the primary defensive tactic used on the Western Front?
Trenches
## Footnote
Trenches provided protection from snipers and artillery attacks.
100
What network of trenches existed by the end of 1914?
A network of trenches ran from the sea to the Alps.
101
What are the roles of front line trenches?
Front line trenches housed fighting troops.
102
What types of trenches were located further back from the front line?
Reserve and support trenches.
103
What was the main form of attack due to the effectiveness of trenches?
Infantry charges.
104
What were major infantry charges known as?
Going over the top.
105
What preceded major infantry charges to weaken enemy defenses?
Artillery barrages.
106
What protective equipment was introduced to troops in 1916?
Steel helmets.
107
What were common activities for soldiers besides fighting?
Digging, repairing trenches, moving equipment, and performing sentry duty.
108
What were trench raids aimed at achieving?
Capturing prisoners or gathering information.
109
What health issues did soldiers face due to trench conditions in winter?
Trench foot.
110
What were the unpleasant conditions in trenches during summer?
Awful smells.
111
What pests were serious problems for soldiers in the trenches?
Rats and lice.
112
What feelings did many soldiers have about the war?
Believed it was justified and felt patriotic.
113
How did soldiers cope with trench conditions?
Comradeship, leisure time, and letters from home.
114
What was the typical duration soldiers spent in the trenches each month?
About 10 days.
115
What items helped keep soldiers' morale up?
Good food, letters from home, chocolate, and cigarettes.
116
What could happen to soldiers for breaking army rules?
They could be court-martialled or executed.
117
What characterized the fighting on the Western Front?
Trench warfare and infantry charges.
118
What was one major technological development for infantry during the war?
Machine guns.
119
What type of gas was used during the war?
Poison gas.
120
What role did planes play in the war?
Used for reconnaissance and attacks.
121
What new vehicle was developed during the war?
Tanks.
122
True or False: Large-scale attacks were common on the Western Front.
False.
123
What was the biggest development in technology during World War I?
Artillery became crucial to any successful infantry charge.
## Footnote
By 1918, barrages were carefully timed to protect infantry and allow successful attacks.
124
How did machine guns impact warfare by 1918?
They offered a huge defensive advantage; most platoons had their own machine guns.
## Footnote
Machine guns were significant from the start of the war.
125
When was poison gas first used in World War I?
Poison gas was first used in 1915.
## Footnote
More effective poison gas was developed throughout the war despite gas masks being created for protection.
126
What role did planes play during World War I?
Planes were used for reconnaissance and later fitted with machine guns for attacks.
## Footnote
By 1915, planes were actively used for spying on enemy troops.
127
What was the status of tanks by the end of World War I?
Tanks were developed but were unreliable.
## Footnote
They were introduced towards the end of the war.
128
What is the main focus of the second question in the exam?
The usefulness of sources for a historian studying life in the trenches.
## Footnote
Students are expected to evaluate sources A and B.
129
What does Source A describe?
It describes some of the jobs soldiers might have done.
## Footnote
It includes a letter from Private Stanley Terry detailing trench conditions.
130
What does Source B depict?
A photograph of soldiers unloading shells from a train during the Third Battle of Ypres.
## Footnote
This visual source provides context about military logistics.
131
Fill in the blank: __________ was a significant change in warfare due to new technologies.
Trench warfare
132
What was life like for soldiers in the trenches according to Source A?
Soldiers experienced difficult conditions, including being up to their waists in water.
## Footnote
Private Stanley Terry's letter illustrates the harsh realities of trench life.
133
True or False: The letter in Source A was censored.
False
## Footnote
The letter was not censored, allowing for an authentic account of trench life.
134
What was the aim of the Battle of Verdun?
To wear down the French Army
## Footnote
The Battle of Verdun was a major battle during World War I, focusing on attrition.
135
What were the events of the Battle of Verdun?
Huge German offensive from February to July 1917
## Footnote
The offensive was marked by intense fighting and significant military operations.
136
What was the impact of the Battle of Verdun?
700,000 casualties, French Army close to breaking
## Footnote
This battle caused severe losses and weakened the French military capacity.
137
What was the aim of the Battle of the Somme?
______
## Footnote
The aim was to relieve pressure on the French forces at Verdun and to inflict heavy casualties on the Germans.
138
What were the events of the Battle of the Somme?
British Army bombarded German trenches for a week before the advance
## Footnote
The bombardment aimed to destroy German defenses before the infantry attack.
139
What was the casualty count on the first day of the Battle of the Somme?
57,000 casualties
## Footnote
This was one of the bloodiest days in British military history.
140
What was the total casualty count by the end of the Battle of the Somme?
Over 1.25 million casualties on both sides
## Footnote
The battle lasted from July to November 1916, indicating the high cost of the offensive.
141
What was the aim of the Battle of Passchendaele?
______
## Footnote
The aim was to capture the ridges around Ypres and to relieve pressure on the French forces.
142
What were the events of the Battle of Passchendaele?
______
## Footnote
The battle was characterized by mud and difficult conditions, leading to high casualties.
143
What was the impact of the Battle of Passchendaele?
______
## Footnote
The battle resulted in significant losses and exemplified the horrors of trench warfare.
144
What is meant by 'war by attrition' as seen in the Battle of the Somme?
A strategy to wear down the enemy through sustained losses
## Footnote
This approach often leads to high casualties without significant territorial gains.
145
What feature is missing in the provided paragraph about the Battle of the Somme?
Analysis of the reasons for high casualties
## Footnote
A good answer should include factors that contributed to the high casualty rates, such as tactics and terrain.
146
What was the British plan to attack in the Middle East?
To attack through the Dardanelles Strait
## Footnote
This plan aimed to break the stalemate and allow supplies to be transported to Russia.
147
What were the consequences of the British naval attack in March 1915?
British ships were unable to advance due to mines and shell fire
## Footnote
The attack aimed to bombard forts along the Dardanelles.
148
What was the outcome of the attempted land attack at Gallipoli?
The land attack was a failure for the British
## Footnote
Allied troops faced strong Turkish defenses and difficult conditions.
149
What was the significance of the Battle of Jutland in 1916?
It was the only major sea battle of the war
## Footnote
Although losses were similar, it marked the last time the German fleet could effectively fight.
150
What was the main aim of the British Navy during the war?
To prevent supplies from reaching Germany by creating a blockade
## Footnote
This blockade became particularly effective after the Battle of Jutland.
151
What were the conditions faced by Allied troops at Gallipoli?
Dreadful heat and rapid spread of disease
## Footnote
Troops had to dig their own trenches under challenging circumstances.
152
Fill in the blank: The British, French, and ANZAC troops landed on _______.
Helles Beach.
153
True or False: The British Navy was able to maintain control of the sea after the Battle of Jutland.
True.
154
List three reasons why the Gallipoli campaign was a failure.
* Strong Turkish defenses
* Dreadful conditions for troops
* Failure of initial naval attacks
155
What was one of the key naval developments during the war?
Improved radios for ship communication
## Footnote
This advancement helped coordinate naval operations effectively.
156
How did the German Navy respond to the British blockade?
By attacking British supply ships
## Footnote
This strategy aimed to counteract the blockade's effects.
157
What were the results of the naval battle at Jutland for Germany and Britain?
Germany lost 13 ships; Britain lost 14 ships.
158
Complete the summary: One example of a key naval strategy is _______.
The convoy system.
159
What was the impact of the blockade by the British Navy by 1918?
Many Germans were starving and there was a mutiny in the German Navy.
160
What was crucial for supplies to each power during the naval war?
Naval war
161
What was the outcome of the Allied attempt to break through in the Middle East?
Failure
162
Why did the British launch an attack on the Dardanelles?
To secure supply routes
163
What was the significance of the Battle of Jutland?
Key naval confrontation
164
What strategy did the German fleet use to disrupt British supplies?
U-boats to sink ships
165
How did the German U-boat strategy contribute to American involvement in the war?
American ships were attacked
166
What system did the British establish to protect their supply lines?
Convoy system
167
What type of ships supported the British convoy system?
Destroyers and anti-submarine defenses
168
List three reasons why the Gallipoli campaign failed.
* Poor planning
* Underestimation of enemy
* Logistical challenges
169
Describe four words that characterize the reasons for the Gallipoli campaign.
* Ambitious
* Strategic
* Risky
* Disastrous
170
What are five words to describe the convoy system?
* Protective
* Organized
* Naval
* Cooperative
* Defensive
171
True or False: The Gallipoli invasion was considered a success for the Allies.
False
172
Complete the sentence: In the source, there is a figure representing the Turkish Army. His size is supposed to represent _______.
[Turkish military strength]
173
Complete the sentence: He is sweeping away soldiers. This is supposed to show that _______.
[Turkish dominance in battle]
174
Complete the sentence: From my own knowledge, the Gallipoli invasion failed because _______.
[of strategic miscalculations]
175
What does Source A suggest about the Gallipoli invasion?
It was a disaster for the Allies
176
177
What was the initial stance of the USA at the start of the war?
The USA was neutral at the start of the war.
178
How did the USA support the Allies before officially joining the war?
By giving loans and equipment.
179
What event in 1915 significantly impacted American opinion about the war?
The German U-boat attack on the Lusitania.
180
How many people died in the Lusitania attack, and how many were Americans?
Over 1,000 people died; 128 were Americans.
181
What was the consequence of the Lusitania carrying war materials?
It contributed to the quick sinking of the ship.
182
What was unrestricted submarine warfare?
Attacking any ships which could be bringing supplies to Britain.
183
What led to the USA joining the war on the Allied side in April 1917?
The resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmerman telegram.
184
What did the Zimmerman telegram reveal?
Germany planned to form an alliance against the USA with Mexico.
185
What was the size of the US Navy by 1917?
The third largest in the world.
186
How many US troops had landed in Europe by the summer of 1918?
Around one million US troops.
187
What major event occurred in Russia in March 1917?
A revolution that overthrew the Tsar.
188
What was the outcome of the second revolution in Russia in November 1917?
The Bolsheviks ended the war.
189
What treaty did Russia sign after leaving the war?
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
190
What did the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk allow Germany to do?
Gain control of land supplying important raw materials and transfer troops to the Western Front.
191
True or False: The end of the Russian war effort had a more immediate impact on the Western Front than the USA joining the war.
True.
192
What were the two major revolutions in Russia in 1917?
The March revolution and the November revolution.
193
Fill in the blank: The USA joined the war on the _______ side.
Allied
194
What was the impact of unrestricted submarine warfare in 1917?
Led to attacks on American ships which were one reason for US involvement in the war.
## Footnote
This policy aimed to blockade Britain by targeting all ships, including neutral ones.
195
What was the significance of the Zimmerman telegram?
It was a secret communication from Germany to Mexico proposing a military alliance against the USA.
## Footnote
This telegram contributed to the US decision to join the war.
196
What event marked the abdication of the Tsar in 1917?
The abdication of Tsar Nicholas II led to the establishment of a temporary government in Russia.
## Footnote
This change influenced Russia's involvement in the war.
197
What was the outcome of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
It formalized Russia's withdrawal from World War I.
## Footnote
The treaty was signed between the Bolshevik government and the Central Powers.
198
What role did the US Navy play in 1917?
The US Navy helped to protect British shipping.
## Footnote
This was crucial in maintaining supply lines across the Atlantic.
199
What was the situation regarding food and supplies in Germany in 1917?
Food and supplies were running short in Germany.
## Footnote
This scarcity was due to the Allied blockade and the prolonged war.
200
What happened to Russia's governance after the Tsar's abdication?
Russia was ruled by a temporary government.
## Footnote
This government struggled to maintain control and support for the war.
201
What was the significance of Germany sending extra troops to the Western Front?
Germany sent hundreds of thousands of extra troops to the Western Front after Russia withdrew from the war.
## Footnote
This shift increased pressure on Allied forces.
202
What did Germany propose to Mexico in 1917?
Germany made a secret deal with Mexico to attack the USA.
## Footnote
This was part of Germany's strategy to distract the US from entering the war.
203
When did the USA officially join the war?
The USA joined the war in 1917.
## Footnote
This marked a turning point in the conflict.
204
What was the political outcome in Russia after the Bolsheviks took power?
The Bolsheviks took power in Russia, leading to a withdrawal from the war.
## Footnote
Their rise marked a significant shift in Russian politics.
205
What was the importance of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in terms of territorial changes?
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk resulted in significant territorial losses for Russia.
## Footnote
This included territories like Poland and the Baltic states.
206
What opportunity did the Germans have after the surrender of Russia in 1918?
To divert troops for a huge final attack on the Western Front
## Footnote
This was crucial as they aimed for a quick victory before more US troops arrived.
207
What was the significance of the arrival of US troops in 1918?
50,000 US troops were arriving in Europe every month
## Footnote
This influx of troops, along with American tanks and artillery, posed a significant threat to the German offensive.
208
What challenges did the German Army face in 1918?
Lack of equipment and food shortages for both civilians and soldiers
## Footnote
The successful blockade contributed to these shortages, weakening the German war effort.
209
How did the British Royal Flying Corps impact the German Navy?
Successfully used airplanes against German submarines
## Footnote
This air support was part of the broader military tactics utilized during the conflict.
210
What was the focus of military tactics that developed prior to the German offensive?
A new focus on attack supported by better tanks and improved artillery
## Footnote
This shift was crucial for the effectiveness of the German offensive.
211
What were storm troopers in the German Army?
Highly trained soldiers specializing in rapid, penetrating attacks against enemy lines
## Footnote
Their tactics were integral to the initial success of the Ludendorff Offensive.
212
What was the name of the German offensive launched in March 1918?
Ludendorff Offensive (or Spring Offensive)
## Footnote
Named after General Ludendorff, this offensive aimed to achieve a quick victory.
213
What was a key feature of the German artillery bombardment during the offensive?
It was much more concentrated and shorter than previous attacks
## Footnote
This allowed for a more effective initial strike against Allied positions.
214
What was the maximum advance the German Army made during the Ludendorff Offensive?
64 km
## Footnote
This advance brought German artillery within range of Paris.
215
What were the consequences of the high casualties during the German offensive?
Around 400,000 German soldiers were lost and supplies couldn't keep up with the advance
## Footnote
Poor discipline led to soldiers looting food, further impacting the offensive's sustainability.
216
What was the outcome of the German offensive by May 1918?
The advance had stopped
## Footnote
This marked the beginning of a turning point in the conflict.
217
What factors contributed to the success of the Allied counter-attack?
Strengthened by US troops and supplies, well-fed, well-trained, and well-equipped armies
## Footnote
This allowed for a coordinated and effective response against the exhausted German forces.
218
What tactics were used in the Allied counter-attack on 8 August 1918?
Creeping barrage artillery, tanks punching holes in German lines, and aircraft attacks behind the lines
## Footnote
These tactics were planned jointly by French commander Foch and British commander Haig.
219
What event is referred to as the German Army's 'Black Day'?
The Allied counter-attack on 8 August 1918
## Footnote
This marked a significant defeat for the German forces.
220
What was the status of the German Army by October 1918?
In full retreat
## Footnote
This indicated the collapse of the German offensive and the shift in momentum towards the Allies.
221
Fill in the blank: In 1918, the German Army launched an all-out attack to end the war, but this ran out of steam and led to an _______.
Allied counter-attack
## Footnote
This counter-attack forced the Germans into retreat.
222
223
What year did the German Army launch an all-out attack to end the war?
1918
224
What forced the Germans into retreat after their all-out attack?
An Allied counter-attack
225
Why did the German offensive fail?
German troops stopped to loot food
226
What was a major challenge faced by Germany during the offensive?
Major food shortages in Germany
227
What was one of the reasons supplies could not keep up with the German advance?
Supplies could not keep up with the German advance
228
What tactic did Allied forces use to protect infantry advances?
Creeping barrages
229
What was used to penetrate German lines?
Tanks
230
How many US troops were arriving in Europe every month?
50,000
231
True or False: New tactics were the main reason why the German Army was defeated in 1918.
True
232
What is the purpose of the introduction in an essay plan?
State your view on how far you agree or disagree
233
What should Paragraph 1 of the essay include?
Reasons to agree
234
What should Paragraph 2 of the essay include?
Reasons to disagree
235
Fill in the blank: It is better to explain one cause thoroughly than more than one _______.
superficially
236
What should you do in the conclusion of your essay?
Restate your judgement and give one key argument
237
What should be checked at the end of the essay?
SPaG (spelling, punctuation, and grammar)
238
Why is it important to practice planning before the exam?
To make it instinctive
239
What major factor pressured Germany to surrender?
The impact of the blockade
240
How many German civilians died of starvation or related diseases in 1917 and 1918?
Over half a million
241
What happened to supplies of basic foodstuffs in early 1918?
They had run out
242
What events occurred in Berlin in response to the food shortage?
Riots and protests
243
What significant event took place at the German naval base of Kiel?
A mutiny
244
When did the Kaiser abdicate?
November 1918
245
What was the political context leading to the Kaiser's abdication?
Riots spread and military situation collapsed
246
Which political party threatened to resign from the government?
The Social Democrats
247
What type of government did Germany become after the Kaiser's abdication?
A republic
248
What did Germany agree to that led to the signing of an armistice?
Allied demands
249
Who drew up the list of Fourteen Points?
US President Woodrow Wilson
250
What did Wilson believe the Fourteen Points would achieve?
A fair settlement to avoid future war
251
What did Germany hope to sign based on?
The Fourteen Points
252
What type of demands were presented to Germany instead of the Fourteen Points?
Harsher demands
253
What was one of the key demands placed on Germany regarding reparations?
To pay reparations for the damage caused by the war
254
How long did Germany have to leave all occupied territory?
Two weeks
255
What happened on 11 November?
The armistice was signed
256
What began in January 1919?
Full peace negotiations
257
What treaty was produced from the peace negotiations?
The Treaty of Versailles
258
Fill in the blank: The German Army and home front collapsed and in November 1918, Germany was forced to sign an _______.
armistice
259
True or False: The German Navy was required to hand over all its ships as part of the armistice.
True
