Geriatrics 4 Flashcards
An older patient describes having to go to the bathroom more frequently at night. What manifestation is this patient experiencing?
- Fluid overload
- Increased glycosuria
- Normal changes of aging
- Impairment of drug excretion
3: The kidneys of older adults excrete more fluid and electrolytes at night than in the daytime. More urine is formed at night, frequently interrupting sleep patterns.
An older patient who has been experiencing a fever, nausea, and vomiting has a urine specific gravity below normal. The patient denies being thirsty. What should the nurse suspect the patient is experiencing?
- Dehydration
- Fluid overload
- Congestive heart failure
- Normal changes of aging
1: The elderly are less able to concentrate their urine, making them susceptible to dehydration. In addition, there is a deficit of the thirst response. The patient’s symptoms of nausea and vomiting suggest decreased intake and increased output through vomiting, placing the patient at risk for dehydration.
The nurse is having difficulty inserting a urinary catheter in an older female patient. Which position should the nurse use to help facilitate the insertion of the catheter?
- Side-lying lifting up the buttock
- Supine with the bed flat, legs bent and apart
- Supine with the HOB elevated at 30 degrees
- Supine with the head of bed (HOB) elevated at 90 degrees
1: Because of estrogen-mediated changes in the perineal area of postmenopausal women, the urinary meatus may be very difficult to visualize. The side-lying position lifting up the buttock is an alternative that provides better visualization of the urinary meatus.
An older female patient asks the home care nurse what can be done to help with painful intercourse. What recommendations should the nurse make to the patient?
Standard Text: Select all that apply.
1. Avoid intercourse.
2. Decrease the frequency of intercourse.
3. Use vaginal lubricants during intercourse.
4. Use the hand to guide the penis into the vagina.
5. Tolerate the problem because it is a normal part of aging.
3: It is not uncommon for an elderly female to report painful intercourse, which is related to a decrease in vaginal lubrication as well as the lack of elevation of the labia during sexual arousal. Vaginal lubricants can be very effective in reducing the pain experienced during intercourse.
4: The older female might be advised to use her hand to guide her partner’s penis into the vagina.
An older patient with chronic renal failure has not had a bowel movement for two days. What does the nurse realize this patient is at risk for developing?
- Hypokalemia
- Hyperkalemia
- Metabolic acidosis
- Increased serum creatinine levels
2: Constipation exacerbates hyperkalemia and it is important to monitor patients with chronic renal failure for daily bowel movements since the potassium levels are already impaired.
Which assessment findings does the nurse recognize as being a normal part of aging for an older patient? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Nocturia 2. Delayed urination 3. Less frequent voiding 4. New onset urinary incontinence 5. Decreased urine specific gravity
1: Nocturia is a normal urinary change found in older people.
2: Delayed urination is a normal urinary change found in older people.
3: Less frequent voiding is a normal urinary change found in older people.
5: Decreased urine specific gravity is a normal urinary change found in older people.
An older male patient with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) is experiencing an increase in symptoms. Which finding would explain the reason for this patient’s change in symptoms?
- Recent vasectomy
- Decreased oral intake at night
- Use of over-the-counter saw palmetto
- Use of over-the-counter cold medication
4: Urinary retention in men with BPH can be precipitated by several classes of medications, such as over-the-counter medications for the common cold.
An older male patient reports having blood in the urine. For which health problems does the nurse expect the patient will be evaluated? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Pyuria 2. Renal failure 3. Bladder cancer 4. Prostate cancer 5. Urinary tract infection
3: Blood in the urine is associated with bladder cancer.
5: Blood in the urine can be a symptom of a urinary tract infection.
An older patient who is postmenopausal is experiencing uterine bleeding. Which action would be appropriate for the nurse to take at this time?
- Provide hygienic care.
- Collect a urine specimen.
- Direct the patient for evaluation for endometrial cancer.
- Instruct the patient on normal changes of the reproductive system in the elderly.
3: Any older woman who reports postmenopausal uterine bleeding should be assumed to have endometrial cancer until proved otherwise. The patient should be directed to seek healthcare to evaluate for the presence of endometrial cancer.
The nurse is instructing an older female patient on reproductive cancer screenings. Which information would the nurse include in this teaching?
- Eliminate Pap smears if high risk factors are absent.
- Obtain mammography every other year after the age of 40.
- Avoid hormone replacement therapy for vasomotor symptoms.
- Eliminate self-examination of the breasts if the patient finds this socially unacceptable.
1: Current recommendations are that women who are over age 65, who have had a regular history of normal Pap smears, and who are not at high risk because of other factors should not receive routine Pap smears.
The nurse is reviewing the list of medications prescribed for an older patient. Which medications could lead to toxicity because of renal excretion changes in this patient? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Aspirin 2. Digoxin 3. Antibiotic 4. Vitamin C 5. ACE inhibitor
2: Because of renal excretion changes the older patient is prone to toxicity. Digoxin can cause toxicity.
3: Because of renal excretion changes the older patient is prone to toxicity. Antibiotics can cause toxicity.
5: Because of renal excretion changes the older patient is prone to toxicity. ACE inhibitors can cause toxicity.
An older patient is diagnosed with chronic renal failure. Which manifestations will the nurse most likely assess in this patient? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Pruritis 2. Anorexia 3. Generalized edema 4. Postural hypotension 5. Elevated blood pressure
1: Pruritis is a manifestation of chronic renal failure.
2: Anorexia is a manifestation of chronic renal failure.
3: Generalized edema is a manifestation of chronic renal failure.
5: Elevated blood pressure is a manifestation of chronic renal failure.
An older patient who is a widower explains that routine sexual encounters remain an important part of his life. What teaching should the nurse provide to this patient?
- Actions to ensure safe sex
- Importance of an adequate fluid intake
- Reasons to abstain from sexual activity
- Interventions to prevent erectile dysfunction
1: Sexually active older adults are at risk for the same sexually transmitted infections that affect younger adults. They should be offered the same education about safer sex, including the use of condoms.
A 60-year-old male patient is planning to marry a woman in her 30s and is concerned about the need for contraception. How should the nurse respond to this patient?
- “After age 50, you are considered virtually infertile.”
- “It is still possible at this time of life to father a child.”
- “You should have a vasectomy to avoid fathering a child.”
- “You will only need to be concerned about fertility for another few years.”
2: Approximately half of all men continue to produce viable sperm up to the age of 90 years. Older men can father children.
When reviewing the hormone levels of a menopausal patient, which findings should the nurse recognize as being expected for the patient?
Standard Text: Select all that apply.
1. Reduced estrogen level
2. Reduced testosterone level
3. Elevated thyroid hormone level
4. Elevated luteinizing hormone level
5. Elevated follicle stimulating hormone level
1: Estrogen levels fall off dramatically and remain at very low levels for the rest of the woman’s life.
2: Because women also produce small amounts of testosterone, loss of libido in an older woman may be related to a decrease in testosterone.
4: Once menopause has occurred, luteinizing hormone stabilizes at levels much higher than in younger women.
5: Once menopause has occurred, follicle stimulating hormone stabilizes at levels much higher than in younger women.
The nurse is assessing an older male patient. Which finding indicates the need for further investigation?
- The absence of libido
- Orgasms of reduced intensity
- Difficulty delaying ejaculation
- An erection that is less firm than in earlier years
1: Although the libido of a man may diminish with aging, the loss of sexual drive should be viewed with concern.
An older patient is experiencing overflow incontinence. What should the nurse identify as causes for this change in urinary functioning? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. History of dementia 2. Enlarged prostate gland 3. Treatment for gastric ulcers 4. Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus 5. Prescribed a calcium channel blocker
2: An enlarged prostate gland is associated with overflow incontinence.
4: Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus is associated with overflow incontinence.
5: Calcium channel blockers are associated with overflow incontinence.
The nurse is planning care for an older patient with stress incontinence. Which interventions would be appropriate for the nurse to suggest to the patient? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Timed voiding 2. Kegel exercises 3. Bladder training 4. Restricting fluids 5. Increasing citrus juices
1: Timed voiding has been demonstrated to be effective for older women with stress incontinence.
2: Kegel exercises are another intervention that works well for stress incontinence.
3: Bladder training is similar to timed voiding, but the intervals between trips to the toilet are gradually lengthened, training the bladder to hold slightly increased amounts of urine.
The nurse is planning an inservice for a group of nursing assistants about urinary infections. What information should be included in the presentation?
- Men are most likely to experience descending urinary tract infections.
- The rate of urinary tract infections is similar between men and women.
- Men need a longer course of antibiotics to manage a urinary tract infection than women.
- Catheterization is the only way to get a urine specimen to check for a urinary tract infection.
3: Men will usually be prescribed a longer course of therapy to manage a urinary tract infection. They have a longer urethra. When they are infected with an infection to the system, it is typically more complicated than in a woman.
An older patient tells the nurse about leaking urine when sneezing. To what does the nurse realize that is type of urinary incontinence is attributed?
- Result of a system blockage
- Result of bladder overstretching
- Damage of the urinary apparatus
- Increase in intra-abdominal pressure
4: Incontinence is most often caused by an increase in intra-abdominal pressure combined with an inability to retain the urine in the bladder.
The results of an older patient’s urinalysis reveal bacteria in the urine. What action should the nurse perform next?
- Notify the physician.
- Order a repeat urinalysis to confirm the initial test.
- Order a culture and sensitivity to identify the exact type of bacteria.
- Review the nursing assessment for reports consistent with a urinary tract infection.
4: Many elders with urinary tract infections may be asymptomatic. The nurse should review the data collected to determine if the patient has reported any supportive data.
The nurse is teaching bladder retraining to an older patient recovering from bladder surgery. Which patient statement indicates understanding of the teaching provided?
- “I will gradually space my voiding times to longer periods.”
- “I should force fluids to promote my bladder to hold more urine.”
- “I should try to see how long I can hold my urine before voiding.”
- “Research has not supported theories linking dietary intake to bladder irritation.”
1: Bladder training is an ongoing process in which the bladder is gradually trained to lengthen times between voiding.
The nurse instructs an older patient with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) on the pathophysiology of the health problem. Which patient statement indicates further teaching is needed?
- “There are nonsurgical treatment options available.”
- “This condition may lead to cancer of the prostate.”
- “As my condition progresses, I may need to consider surgical management.”
- “Alpha blockers can be used to control my symptoms.”
2: BPH is a benign condition and does not lead to cancer of the prostate.
An older male patient diagnosed with prostate cancer is not prescribed any treatment. What does the nurse realize as the reason for this treatment approach?
- The cancer is slow growing.
- The patient will not survive treatment.
- The patient has less than 10 years to live.
- The cancer is growing quickly and no treatment will be helpful.
1: Prostate cancer in older men is slow growing, and “watchful waiting” is a realistic option for older men.
The nurse is planning a seminar on ways to ensure healthy genitourinary functioning when aging. What information should the nurse include in this presentation?
Standard Text: Select all that apply.
1. Drink plenty of water.
2. Expect to develop urinary incontinence.
3. Be aware of responses to new medications.
4. It is normal to continue to desire sexual activity.
5. Take steps to prevent sexual transmitted infections.
1: Drinking plenty of water is one way to ensure healthy genitourinary functioning.
3: Be aware of responses to new medications because age-related changes in the kidney may lead to over- or under-dosing.
4: It is normal to continue to desire sexual activity. It is also normal to have little interest in sex, particularly if that has been a long-term pattern.
5: If going to engage in sexual activity, take appropriate precautions to prevent sexually transmitted infections.
The nurse is preparing discharge instructions for an 84-year-old patient that includes plans for smoking cessation. The nurse believes that since the patient has been smoking for years, he isn’t going to stop now. Which concept does this nurse’s belief reflect?
- Negative stereotyping
- Character assessment
- Reality orientation
- Senescence
1: Often people characterize the elderly in a negative way, believing that after a certain age, things cannot be changed. This is the concept of stereotyping in a negative way.
The nurse is planning to conduct a blood pressure screening at a local senior citizen's high-rise apartment building in the inner-city impoverished location. What are characteristics of the residents living in this location? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Older women 2. Married men and women 3. Widowed women 4. Less educated women 5. Residents living alone
1: Women now comprise the majority of the older population and in the United States, women outnumber men.
3: Since the life expectancy of men in the United States is less than that of women, the majority of the residents will most likely be widowed.
4: Older women are more likely to be less educated and have fewer years of labor experience, making older women more likely to live in poverty.
5: Since older women are more likely to be widowed, they are more likely to live alone.
While completing an admission assessment, the nurse learns that a female adult patient has smoked one pack/day for 20 years and works at a chemical plant. From this information, what is this patient at risk for developing?
- Decreased fertility
- Increased life expectancy because she is female
- No difference in risk because of social and occupational circumstances
- Environmental and occupational hazards that may affect life expectancy
4: Exposure to environmental and occupational risk factors has been known to affect life expectancy in men and will have the same effect on women given similar circumstances.
An African American male patient has a blood pressure of 180/104 mm Hg. When asked about the blood pressure, the patient states that he is not on any medication and is unsure if the blood pressure level is unsafe. What should the nurse do?
- Nothing since the blood pressure may not be accurate and does not need to be addressed
- Initiate secondary prevention to prevent the progression of illness.
- Nothing since this is normal for someone in the hospital
- Reassess the blood pressure with the patient in a standing position.
2: One good strategy to control chronic illness and prevent progression and disability is to identify opportunities to diagnose and treat chronic illnesses. The nurse should initiate secondary prevention to prevent the progression of illness in the patient.
An older patient is worried about the cost of healthcare and supplies now that he has been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. How should the nurse respond to this patient’s concerns?
- “I believe that some parts of Medicare will cover preventative care, such as diabetes monitoring.”
- “You only need to check your blood sugar once a day, so the cost should not be too high.”
- “Don’t worry. I don’t think the total bill will be too much.”
- “I don’t know anything about insurance.”
1: At the current time, Medicare pays for a yearly wellness visit and routine physical examination. Medicare also covers diabetes screening and diabetes self-management training.
The nurse is assessing an older female patient admitted to the hospital for generalized weakness and a cough. Which assessment findings would be considered normal changes related to aging?
Standard Text: Select all that apply.
1. Elevated blood pressure
2. Needing to urinate every 3 hours
3. Needing to wear eye glasses for reading
4. Pulse rate 104 beats per minute and thready
5. Respiratory rate 22 per minute after walking a short distance
2: With aging, bladder capacity declines. Needing to urinate every 3 hours would be evidence of reduced bladder capacity.
3: With aging, difficulty focusing up close would necessitate the need for reading glasses. This would be considered a normal change with aging.
5: Maximum breathing capacity may decline by about 40% between the ages of 40 and 70. A respiratory rate of 22 per minute after walking a short distance can be considered a normal change related to aging.
The family of an older male patient asks why the patient needs to be hospitalized for pneumonia when the youngest daughter had the same infection a few months ago and was treated at home. How should the nurse respond to the family?
- “The patient has chronic illnesses that put him at risk.”
- “I don’t think you can compare your grandfather to yourself.”
- “There are some differences between men and women and illness.”
- “Aging decreases the body’s ability to restore balance to body systems with an infection.”
4: The loss of organ reserve that can occur with aging can lead to the concept of homeostenosis or inability of the body to restore homeostasis after even minor environmental challenges, such as trauma or infection. An older person may die from pneumonia, which may have only been a minor illness to a younger person.
A patient takes herbal supplements in order to “slow down” the aging process. The nurse realizes that the patient is following which theory of aging?
- Cross-link
- Wear-and-tear
- Free radical
- Emerging biological
3: The free radical theory states that accumulated damage caused by oxygen radicals causes cells, and eventually organs, to lose function and organ reserve. The use of antioxidants and vitamins is believed to slow this damage.
An older patient is demonstrating signs of sadness and depression. Upon assessment, the patient expresses remorse over not accomplishing much in life and is not looking forward to eventual death. Which theories of aging would be applicable for the nurse to use to help this patient? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Endocrine theory 2. Programmed longevity 3. Somatic DNA damage theory 4. Jung's theory of individualism 5. Erikson's developmental theory
4: Jung’s theory of individualism states that with aging the focus is away from the external world and moves towards the inner experience. This is a psychosocial theory of aging and would be appropriate for the nurse to use to help this patient.
5: Erikson’s developmental theory states that there are developmental stages that a person goes through in life. This is a psychosocial theory of aging and would be appropriate for the nurse to use to help this patient.
A 62-year-old former professional football player is in the hospital for a total knee replacement as a result of osteoarthritis. Which theory of aging would help explain this patient’s current health problem?
- Cross-link
- Free radical
- Wear-and-tear
- Somatic DNA damage
3: Osteoarthritis is characteristic of degeneration that results from joint usage. This disease is characteristic of the aspects of the wear-and-tear theory, which states that there is a “master clock” that controls all organs and cellular functions, which becomes less efficient over time. Abusing one organ or bodily system through repeated injury that occurs with contact sports may result in premature aging and diseases such as osteoarthritis.
An older patient is refusing to receive the influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations because he believes he is “too old.” How should the nurse respond to this patient?
- “I understand your feelings.”
- “I will report your concerns to the physician.”
- “You are likely to get sick if you do not take the vaccines.”
- “It is never too late in life to begin health promotion activities.”
4: Receiving vaccinations for communicable diseases is a form of health promotion. The patient should be advised that age should not restrict health-saving activities.
A nursing student is preparing a program to review health concerns for seniors. Which statement should the student include in the presentation?
- Heart disease is the leading cause of death for senior citizens.
- Decreases have been shown in the rate of Alzheimer’s disease.
- The rate of heart disease death for senior citizens is increasing.
- Cancer is the leading cause of death in the senior citizen population.
1: Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the senior population even though it has decreased by 2.4% between 2009 and 2010.
The nurse provides care to patients in a long-term care facility that embraces the Continuity Theory of Aging. Which actions will the nurse plan to promote this theory?
Standard Text: Select all that apply.
1. Plan rest periods between activities.
2. Introduce patients to a wide variety of new activities.
3. Encourage family members to visit with the patients.
4. Suggest avoiding activities that do not bring satisfaction.
5. Remind patients that withdrawing from activities is expected
1: In the Continuity Theory of Aging, the pace of activities may be slowed so rest periods between activities would be appropriate.
3: In the Continuity Theory of Aging, successful aging involves maintaining family ties. Encouraging family members to visit with the patients would be appropriate.
4: In the Continuity Theory of Aging, activities pursued in life that did not bring satisfaction may be dropped. Suggesting that patients avoid activities that do not bring satisfaction would be appropriate.
A graduate nurse is nervous about caring for older adult patients because of the personality changes that occur with aging. How should the nurse’s preceptor respond to this statement?
- “Personality is relatively stable throughout life.”
- “The losses many elderly experience understandably will impact their personality.”
- “The personalities of the elderly do undergo some significant changes after the eighth decade of life.
- “After retirement, feelings of disuse cause many elderly to begin demonstrating personality changes.”
1: Personality is stable throughout adult life and rarely do healthy older people show signs of personality change during their final years.
A patient voices concerns about her body weight despite diligently following a healthy diet. Which age-related change would explain this patient’s issue with body weight?
- Body fat increases until middle age.
- Body weight increases after middle age.
- Fat is redistributed to the hips after middle age.
- Body fat promotes a pear-shaped appearance for aging women.
1: Body fat typically increases until middle age and then stabilizes until late life, when weight tends to decline.
A 60-year-old patient in good health has asked the nurse about what steps can be taken to build muscle mass. What information should be provided to the patient?
- Exercise can slow the loss of muscle mass.
- Increasing protein and fat intake will increase muscle mass.
- Muscle mass declines by 40% between the ages of 30 and 70.
- There is little that can be done to reduce the loss of muscle mass associated with aging.
1: Without exercise muscle mass declines 22% for women and 23% for men between the ages of 30 and 70. Exercise can slow this rate of loss.
The nurse is planning a program about the Immunological Theory of Aging for a group of senior citizens. Which information should the nurse include in this program?
Standard Text: Select all that apply.
1. Restrict spending time with others who are ill.
2. A healthy diet supports immune function in the older person.
3. A healthy lifestyle supports immune function in the older person.
4. Immune function improves after exposure to urinary tract infections and pneumonia.
5. Obtaining an annual influenza vaccination supports immune function in the older person.
1: Limiting exposure to pathogens can support immune function in the older person.
2: A healthy diet can support immune function in the older person.
3: A healthy lifestyle supports immune function in the older person.
5: Preventive health measures such as a yearly influenza vaccination can support immune function in the older person.
An older patient expresses anger about the loss of her husband to a younger, more attractive woman 4 years ago. She blames this for her physical and social decline. Which theory of aging supports this patient’s belief?
- Activity Theory
- Disengagement Theory
- Jung’s Theory of Individualism
- Erickson’s Developmental Theory
3: A key focus of Jung’s theory is the impact of an inability to accept past accomplishments and failures to promote successful aging.
The nurse at an assisted living facility is planning secondary prevention activities for a group of residents at risk for cardiac problems. Which activities would be appropriate for this level of care?
Standard Text: Select all that apply.
1. Blood pressure monitoring
2. Demonstration on the use of walkers and canes
3. Explanation on why tobacco should be avoided
4. Discussion with a dietitian for elevated cholesterol levels
5. Discussion with a physical therapist for loss of muscle tone
1: Blood pressure monitoring is a secondary prevention intervention and would be appropriate for the residents at risk for cardiac problems.
4: Discussion with a dietitian for elevated cholesterol levels is a secondary prevention intervention and would be appropriate for these residents.
5: Discussion with a physical therapist for loss of muscle tone is a secondary prevention intervention and would be appropriate for these residents.
A patient who is new to Medicare has been reviewing coverage for health screening tests. Which statements indicate the patient understands the recommendations provided by Medicare?
Standard Text: Select all that apply.
1. “I can have a Pap smear once a year.”
2. “I can have a mammogram once a year.”
3. “I can have a colonoscopy every 15 years.”
4. “I can have fecal occult blood testing every 2 years.”
5. “I can have bone mass screening every 2 years if I’m at risk.”
1: Medicare recommends a Pap smear once a year.
2: Medicare recommends a mammogram once a year.
5: Medicare recommends bone mass screening every 2 years for those at risk.
The nurse is preparing a care plan for an older African American patient at risk for colon cancer. What should be included in the plan of care?
- Colonoscopy every 2 years
- Serum cancer marker testing every year
- Flexible sigmoidoscopy testing annually
- Fecal occult blood screening every 2 years
1: Currently, colonoscopy screening is recommended every 2 years for those at high risk.
The nurse manager recognizes that the types of patients and associated diagnoses admitted to a care area are consistent with nationwide demographics. Which statement supports this observation?
- Diabetes is not a significant problem in the African American community.
- Hispanic patients have a greater incidence of obesity than Caucasian patients.
- African American patients have a lower incidence of hypertension than Caucasian patients.
- Female patients with chronic disorders are more self-sufficient than men with similar ailments.
2: There is an increasing rate of obesity in the Hispanic population.
The nurse is planning a program for community members to highlight the Healthy People 2020 areas applicable to older people. Which topics would the nurse include in this program? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Cancer 2. Food safety 3. Tobacco use 4. Employment 5. Heart disease
1: Cancer is a focus area in Healthy People 2020 that is applicable to older people.
2: Food safety is a focus area in Healthy People 2020 that is applicable to older people.
3: Tobacco use is a focus area in Healthy People 2020 that is applicable to older people.
5: Heart disease is a focus area in Healthy People 2020 that is applicable to older people.
After completing an assessment, the nurse is concerned that a middle-aged patient is at risk for having a disability later in life. What did the nurse assess in this patient? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. High blood pressure 2. Plays golf 3 times a week 3. Smokes 1 pack per day for 25 years 4. History of lower back pain 5. Works as a fork lift operator
1: Atherosclerosis is considered one of the most common causes of disability in the United States. High blood pressure can be caused by atherosclerotic changes in the arteries.
3: Smoking 1 ppd for 25 years can lead to lung or a respiratory problem, which is considered as being one of the most common causes of disability in the United States.
4: Degenerative joint disease is considered one of the most common causes of disability in the United States. A history of lower back pain could be an indication of degenerative joint disease in the spine.
The nurse is working on a care area that focuses on tertiary prevention. Which goal is consistent with this focus?
- Patients at risk for skin breakdown will be turned every 2 hours.
- Patients with pressure ulcers will have whirlpool therapy as indicated.
- Patients are assessed for factors that place them at risk for skin breakdown.
- Patients are instructed to move in bed at least every 2 hours to prevent skin breakdown.
2: Treating a pressure ulcer is an example of a tertiary prevention goal.
