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Disease 3 > Geriatric > Flashcards

Geriatric Flashcards

1
Q

What is sarcopenia?

A

Age related loss of muscle mass

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2
Q

How does sarcopenia affect PFTs?

A

Decreased muscle mass affects respiratory muscles including accessory muscles

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2
Q

When does sarcopenia begin?

A

40-60 years of age

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3
Q

What changes would sarcopenia cause in a PFT?

A

Altered flows, volumes and capacities

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4
Q

Why does the chest wall become stiffer as we age?

A

Costal cartilage begins to calcify
Osteoporosis
Rib-vertebral articulation changes
Narrowing of vertebral disks

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4
Q

What happens to the AP diameter and lateral chest diameter as we age?

A

Changes from 1:2 to 1:1
Without emphysema

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5
Q

What is the surface area of mature lungs in a 20 year old?

A

70 square meters

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6
Q

What is the surface area in lungs of a 70 year old?

A

60 square meters

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6
Q

Why do the lungs become more compliant with age?

A

Reduced elastic recoil
Alveoli dilate
Pores of kohn expand

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7
Q

What cardiac changes occur as humans age?

A

Heart walls thicken resulting in decreased volumes
Aortic knob calcifies - no clinical significance
Heart valves thicken and stiffen

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8
Q

T/F: the WOB in a 70 year old is 3 times that of a 20 year old

A

False. The WOB of a 70 year old is about twice that of a 20 year old

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9
Q

What changes on a PFT do we see over a persons life span?

A

Decreased vital capacity
Decreased FEV1
Increased residual volume
Decreased PEFR
Decreased diffusion capacity

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10
Q

T/F: pH and PaCO2 change slightly overtime resulting in CO2 retention and lower pH values

A

False. pH and PaCO2 remain relatively the same

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11
Q

T/F: PaO2 of lower than 70 mmHg is common in elderly populations

A

False. A PaO2 of less than 70 mmHg is abnormal in healthy adults regardless of age

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12
Q

What is true about the medical conditions of adults who are older than 65 years?

A

They have a 77% chance to have 2 or more chronic health conditions

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12
Q

How do the central and peripheral chemoreceptors change as we age and what effect does this have?

A

They become less sensitive
Increased ventilatory response time to abnormal oxygenation or ventilation

13
Q

What is the normal respiratory rate in elderly patients/

A

16-24

14
Q

Describe the heart rate that is associated with old age

A

Doesnt change appreciably
Some reduction due to age
Some individuals may experience symptomatic bradyarrhythmias

15
Q

What could a bounding pulse in an elderly patient indicate?

A

Atherosclerosis
Loss of peripheral vessel tone
Sepsis

16
Q

What is orthostatic hypotension?

A

A drop in systolic blood pressure of 20 mmHg from supine to seated or seated to standing

17
Q

What could cause an irregular pulse in an elderly patient mean?

A

Arrhythmias
More common with age

18
Q

What are elderly patients with orthostatic hypotension at risk for/

A

Falls

19
Q

Why might an elderly patient have cold extremities?

A

Poor perfusion
Blunted thermoregulatory response

20
Q

What is true about fevers in the elderly?

A

Immune response is blunted so they may have an infection and not be able to mount a significant defense or a fever
A fever in an elderly patient may be more serious than a patient who is younger

21
Q

What are the symptoms of hypothermia?

A

Core body temp less than 95
Shivering, slurred speech, slow and shallow breathing, weak pulse, low energy

21
Q

Describe hypothermias occurrence in the elderly

A

Elderly are more vulnerable to it

22
Q

What is the definition of frailty?

A

Clinically recognizable state of increased vulnerability resulting from age associated decline in reserve and function across multiple physiologic systems

23
Q

Why do we assess frailty?

A

To determine whether or not a patient will be institutionalized, disabled or die

24
Q

What is the acronym for FRAIL?

A

Fatigue
Resistance
Aerobic
Illness
Loss of weight

25
Q

What is polypharmacy?

A

The administration of many drugs together

26
Q

Why are the elderly particularly at risk for polypharmacy?

A

Consumed ⅓ of prescription and over the counter drugs
Most have used more than 1 prescription drug in the past month

27
Q

What is the primary site of drug metabolism?

A

The liver

28
Q

What is a consequence of aging on the liver related to drug metabolism?

A

The effects of drugs last much longer in the elderly due to a decrease in hepatic metabolism

29
Q

What effect does the decreased metabolism of the liver play in drug dosing?

A

Must be considered when dosing drugs as the dose for a 40 year old will not be the same as for an 80 year old

Disease 3 (9 decks)

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