Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Applied Pathophysiology > GERD > Flashcards

GERD Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 steps the body uses to prevent damage to esophagus from acid reflux?

A

1) Acid and food reflux into esophagus due to relaxed lower esophageal sphincter
2) Peristalsis returns most acid reflux back to stomach
3) After peristalsis, a small amount of acid remains in esophagus
4) Saliva containing HCO3- neutralizes remaining acid in esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the function of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)?

A

protects the esophagus from noxious stomach contents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What maintains the tone for the LES?

A

Ach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the pressure of the LES? When is it the highest?

A

15-30mmHg higher than intragastric pressure

Highest at night, lowest in the day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?

A

controls emptying of stomach contents into duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the function of the duodenum?

A

Continual digestion of chyme from stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is chyme?

A

food mixed with stomach contents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the pH of the stomach? Why?

A

pH 1-2 due to HCl in stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What else can be found in the stomach besides HCl?

A 
Electrolytes
Water
Pepsin
Mucus
Proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What protects the stomach walls from acid?

A

Lipoprotein rich membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What 2 thing influence the ability of the mucosa to withstand injury?

A

age

nutritional status

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of parietal cells?

A

Secrete HCl and Intrinsic factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the function of the G cells?

A

Produce gastrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the function of the ECL cells?

A

produce histamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of Chief cells?

A

produce pepsinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How is HCl in the stomach produced?

A

H+/K+ ATPase pumps on parietal cells
passive movement of K+ in and Cl- ions out into canaliculus
H+ transported out actively (against gradient) and binds to Cl-, making HCl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is GERD?

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease
chronic disorder related to the retrograde flow of gastro-duodenal contents into the esophagus/adjacent organs, resulting in various symptoms with or without tissue damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 2 main reason GERD occurs?

A

dysfunction in lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP)

impaired acid clearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are 3 causes of dysfunction in LESP? which is the most common?

A

transient LES relaxation (TLESR) - most common
increase in intra-abdominal pressure
hormones, meds, or food that decrease LES tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is TLESR?

A

spontaneous LES relaxation not associated with swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What molecule would increase LESP?

A

protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are some foods that lower LESP? (6pts)

A 
chocolate
fat
ethanol
peppermint
garlic
onions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what hormones decrease LESP?

A

glucagon
progesterone
estrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what could cause impaired acid clearance?

A

decreased peristalsis
decreased salivation
increased frequency of reflux

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is barrett's esophagus?
long term assault of reflux on esophagus
26
what are 5 consequences of long term GERD?
``` barrett's esophagus adenocarcinoma of esophagus esophagitis bleeding esophageal erosions and ulcerations ```
27
What are 6 classes of drugs that could be used in GERD treatment? Which is the first choice to use?
``` antacids alginic acid H2 receptor antagonists P+ pump inhibitors - first choice prokinetics mucosal protectants ```
28
how do antacids help with GERD?
neutralize stomach acid by increasing pH over 4, meaning pepsinogen can't convert to pepsin
29
how does alginic acid help with GERD?
creates a viscous barrier at top of stomach contents to reduce reflux episodes
30
What are some H2 receptor antagonists?
``` -dine cimetidine nizatidine famotidine ranitidine ```
31
what are some side effects to using H2 receptor antagonists?
``` diarrhea headache dizziness rash tiredness ```
32
how do H2 receptor antagonists help with GERD?
block H2 receptors on parietal cells to reduce acid production
33
What are some P+ pump inhibitors? Which ones are better to use?
``` -prazole esomeprazole (better) lansoprazole omeprazole pantoprazole (better) raberprazole ```
34
How do P+ pump inhibitors help with GERD?
inhibit proton pump on parietal cells to decrease acid production maintains pH above 4 for a longer period of time to allow healing
35
When is the best time to take P+ pump inhibitors? why?
30min before breakfast | only work on actively secreting pumps
36
what are some side effects to using p+ pump inhibitors?
``` headache diarrhea nausea abdominal pain constipation dizziness rash ```
37
How do prokinetics help with GERD?
help move contents of stomach through faster
38
why aren't prokinetics used very often?
significant drug interactions
39
what are some examples of prokinetics?
cisapride metoclopramide domeperidone
40
what is the main side effect for prokinetics?
diarrhea
41
how do mucosal protectants help with GERD?
put coating on mucus layer of stomach
42
what is an example of a mucosal protectant?
sucrafate (old school, not used often)
43
name 5 unique therapy options for GERD treatment?
``` baclofen trazodone/SSRIs surgical laparoscopic sphincter augmentation cholestyramine acupuncture ```
44
how does baclofen help with GERD?
reduces TLESRs and increases gastric emptying
45
how do trazodone/SSRIs help with GERD?
reduce esophageal pain
46
how does acupuncture help with GERD?
controls regurgitation and heartburn
47
what are some things to avoid when trying to treat GERD?
``` foods that trigger GERD lying down right after meals smoking excessive bending tight fitting clothing ```
48
what are some lifestyle modifications that could help with GERD?
``` exercise maintain healthy body wt reduce alcohol/caffeine intake eat smaller, frequent meals reduce stress sleep with head elevated higher than pelvis ```
49
What is VBAD? what is it used for?
``` to know when to refer someone V- persistent vomiting B - bleeding A - abdominal wt loss D - dysphagia ```
50
What are some red flags indicating to refer a patient? (10pts)
``` chest pain typical of a cardiac event recurring vomitting blood loss in vomit or stool dysphagia (esp. with solids) odynophagia unexplained wt loss > 5% family history of gastric cancer unexplained cough, hoarseness, or dyspnea 50 yrs drug induced GERD ```
51
what are 6 risk factors for GERD?
``` food obesity pregnancy meds smoking hiatrial hernia ```
52
how is food a risk factor for GERD?
meals within 2-3hrs of bedime or with alcohol increase acid production and nocturnal GERD
53
how is obesity a risk factor for GERD?
increases symptoms
54
how is smoking a risk factor for GERD?
decreases LESP
55
what is a hiatrial hernia?
the proximal stomach is dislocated though the hiatus of the diaphragm into the chest and the crural diaphragm becomes separated from the LES GERD: LES before diaphragm (usually after diaphragm)
56
what are some chest symptoms for GERD? (6pts)
``` heartburn angina regurgitation (sour taste in mouth) belching dysphagia odynophagia ```
57
what is dysphagia?
hard to swallow
58
what is odynophagia?
pain upon swallowing
59
what are some pulmonary symptoms of GERD? (4pts)
non-allergic asthma cough aspiration hoarseness
60
what are 2 oral symptoms of GERD?
tooth decay | gingivitis
61
what are 3 throat symptoms of GERD?
globus sensation hoarseness laryngitis
62
What are 3 components involved in impaired acid clearance that contribute to GERD?
duration of acid exposure composition of reflux delayed gastric emptying
63
how is duration of acid exposure involved in GERD?
primary cause of symptoms and tissue damage
64
what are important components of stomach reflux that contribute to GERD?
pH 2 pepsin acid
65
what is heartburn?
burning pain that can move up from the stomach to the middle of the chest and possibly throat
66
what is regurgitation?
a symptom of acid reflux | contents of the stomach move into the esophagus and and maybe into throat (sour taste in mouth)
67
what is dyspepsia?
indigestion | mostly stomach discomfort that could include burping, nausea, bloating, and upper abdominal pain
68
what is the most common symptom of GERD?
heartburn usually after a meal | >2x a week suggest GERD (esp with regurgitation)
69
what age category is more susceptible to GERD?
adults over 40
70
is there a gender preference for GERD?
no (except pregnancy)

Applied Pathophysiology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions