Geomorphology Flashcards

1
Q

Types of horizontally layered landscapes

A

Hilly landscapes, basaltic plateaus, canyon landscapes and karoo landscapes

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2
Q

Characteristics of Hilly Landscapes

A

Slopes are gentle and rounded, rainfall causes mass wasting, soil layers are thick and fine grained

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3
Q

Characteristics of Basaltic Plateaus

A

Caused by built up of lava flowing through long narrow cracks in the ground.

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4
Q

Characteristics of Canyon Landscapes

A

Layers erode at different rates, Resistant rocks form steep cliffs and less resistant rocks from more gentle slopes

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5
Q

Characteristics of Karoo Landscapes

A

Plateaus are protected by dolerite.

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6
Q

What is a scarp retreat

A

Known as back wasting where lateral erosion occurs

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7
Q

Types of hills

A

Mesa, butte, conical hill

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8
Q

2 types of buttes

A

Teebus and koffiebus

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9
Q

What are inclined layered rocks

A

Inclined strata are layers of rocks below the earth’s surface which dip or tilt at an angle

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10
Q

Example of inclined strata

A

Homoclinal ridges

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11
Q

Types of slopes of Homoclinal ridge

A

Dip slope and Scarp slope

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12
Q

How are homoclinal ridges classified

A
cuestas (layers dip at 10 to 25 degrees)
Homoclinal ridges ( 25 to 45 degrees)
Hogsback ridges ( DIp slope is very steep)
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13
Q

Intrusive bodies associated with massive igneous rocks

A

Batholith, Laccolith, Lopolith, Dyke , Sill

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14
Q

What are tors?

A

Heap of partially rounded boulders called core stones.

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15
Q

What is mass movement?

A

Mass movement is the movement of weathered materials down a slope.

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16
Q

What influences the speed of mass wasting

A

Gradient of slope, weight of the debris, presence of water

17
Q

Types of mass movement

A

Soil creep, solifluction, landslides, rock falls, mud flows, slumps

18
Q

Impacts of Mass Movement

A

Causes Natural erosion, landslide may block a river, can cause great destruction to vegetation and animal life, landslide may cause floods by damming up bodies of water

19
Q

Effects of Mass Movement on people

A

Slow movement of creep causes long term economic damage, expenses related to landslides, landslides cause loss of productivity of agricultural lands, interruption of transportation systems

20
Q

How can effects of mass movement be minimized?

A

Elimination and restriction of activities on slopes, plant natural vegetation on slopes, engineering techniques to prevent landslides, safety nets to stop rock falls, retaining walls, reduce deforestation, fasten unstable rocks with rock bolts