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Geology > Geology Lab Final > Flashcards

Geology Lab Final Flashcards

1
Q

Waves that move through the interior of the earth. split into two categories of primary and secondary waves.

A

body waves

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2
Q

compressional waves. fastest and first to arrive

A

p-waves (primary waves)

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3
Q

shear waves. slower than p waves but faster than surface waves. moves perpendicular to the direction of the wave. propagates through SOLIDS ONLY

A

s-waves (secondary waves)

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4
Q

waves that travel along the surface of the earth. most damaging and slowest wave. smaller on bedrock and higher on unconsolidated sediment.

A

surface waves

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5
Q

where earthquakes are most common

A

shallow crust (~15 km)

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6
Q

depth of the brittle-ductile transition is

A

temperature controlled

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7
Q

earthquakes can go up to

A

300 km

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8
Q

location where the sliding starts

A

focus

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9
Q

location on the surface directly above the focus

A

epicenter

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10
Q

cardinal direction (N,W,E,S) of a horizontal line in an inclined plane

A

strike

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11
Q

number of degrees the plane is tilted down from the horizontal

A

dip

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12
Q

FUN dip-slip faults

A

footwall up normal

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13
Q

FDR dip-slip faults

A

footwall down reverse

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14
Q

types of strike-slip faults

A

left-lateral and right-lateral

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15
Q

zone of the fold with maximum curvature (peaks)

A

hinge

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16
Q

sides of the fold where the bed curvature is smallest

A

limbs

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17
Q

plane that symmetrically divides the fold

A

axial plane

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18
Q

line formed by the intersection of the axial plane with the beds of the fold

A

fold axis

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19
Q

fold with a non-horizontal fold axis

A

plunging fold

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20
Q

a convex-upward fold whose core contains the older rocks (mountain shaped)

A

anticline

21
Q

a concave-upward fold whose core contains the younger rocks (valley shaped)

A

syncline

22
Q

heavier lines with elevations printed on them used as a point of reference

A

index contour

23
Q

predetermined vertical distance

A

contour interval

24
Q

measured from 0 at the equator to 90N and 90S. parallel. (horizontal)

A

latitude

25
Q

measure east to west from 0 at the prime meridian. not parallel. (vertical)

A

longitude

26
Q

graphical representation of distance on the map using bar lengths with number labels

A

bar scale

27
Q

does not use units. (ex: 1:24000)

A

ratio scale

28
Q

scale represented in words. (ex: 1 in= 200 ft)

A

verbal scale

29
Q

cross section that shows the elevations, ruggedness, and slopes along a given line between two points on a topographic map

A

topographic profile

30
Q

the common practice in topographic profiles of stretching different horizontal and vertical scales

A

vertical exaggeration

31
Q

flow continuously throughout the year and are represented by blue lines on topographic maps

A

perennial streams

32
Q

flow only at certain times of the year. represented by dotted line segments

A

intermittent streams

33
Q

occurs when a streak overflows its banks

A

flood

34
Q

sediment transported and deposited by streams

A

alluvium

35
Q

drainage network including upland tributaries and mains tream

A

stream drainage system

36
Q

stream drainage systems form characteristic patterns of drainage depending on relief and geology

A

stream drainage patterns

37
Q

measure of steepness of a slope expressed in ft/mi. calculated by dividing relief by path distance

A

gradient

38
Q

relatively flat areas on either side of a river prone to flooding

A

floodplain

39
Q

form at the outer edge of a meander and experience erosion

A

cutbanks

40
Q

form at the inner edge of a meander and experience deposition

A

point bars

41
Q

forms as a result of a meander being cut off from main stream channel

A

oxbow lake

42
Q

median grain size in a distribution

A

D50

43
Q

fluid stress acting on the bed creating shear forces in the direction of flow

A

boundary shear stress

44
Q

the boundary shear stress that initiates motion of a specific grain, grain size dependent

A

critical boundary shear stress

45
Q

the amount of water flowing through a channel and stays constant unless water leaves or enters the system. velocity x channel width x channel depth

A

stream discharge

46
Q

boundary shear stress (kg/m*s^2 or Pa)= density (kg/m^3) x G (9.8m/s^2) x bed gradient x water depth (m)

A

depth slope product

47
Q

entire area of land drained by one stream

A

drainage basin

48
Q

sensitivity of surface temperature to changes in radiation. warming/number of CO2 doublings

A

climate sensitivity

49
Q

log2(high CO2/low CO2)

A

number of CO2 doublings

Geology (3 decks)

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