Geology Lab Final Flashcards

(49 cards)

1
Q

Waves that move through the interior of the earth. split into two categories of primary and secondary waves.

A

body waves

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2
Q

compressional waves. fastest and first to arrive

A

p-waves (primary waves)

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3
Q

shear waves. slower than p waves but faster than surface waves. moves perpendicular to the direction of the wave. propagates through SOLIDS ONLY

A

s-waves (secondary waves)

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4
Q

waves that travel along the surface of the earth. most damaging and slowest wave. smaller on bedrock and higher on unconsolidated sediment.

A

surface waves

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5
Q

where earthquakes are most common

A

shallow crust (~15 km)

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6
Q

depth of the brittle-ductile transition is

A

temperature controlled

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7
Q

earthquakes can go up to

A

300 km

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8
Q

location where the sliding starts

A

focus

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9
Q

location on the surface directly above the focus

A

epicenter

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10
Q

cardinal direction (N,W,E,S) of a horizontal line in an inclined plane

A

strike

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11
Q

number of degrees the plane is tilted down from the horizontal

A

dip

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12
Q

FUN dip-slip faults

A

footwall up normal

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13
Q

FDR dip-slip faults

A

footwall down reverse

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14
Q

types of strike-slip faults

A

left-lateral and right-lateral

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15
Q

zone of the fold with maximum curvature (peaks)

A

hinge

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16
Q

sides of the fold where the bed curvature is smallest

A

limbs

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17
Q

plane that symmetrically divides the fold

A

axial plane

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18
Q

line formed by the intersection of the axial plane with the beds of the fold

A

fold axis

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19
Q

fold with a non-horizontal fold axis

A

plunging fold

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20
Q

a convex-upward fold whose core contains the older rocks (mountain shaped)

21
Q

a concave-upward fold whose core contains the younger rocks (valley shaped)

22
Q

heavier lines with elevations printed on them used as a point of reference

A

index contour

23
Q

predetermined vertical distance

A

contour interval

24
Q

measured from 0 at the equator to 90N and 90S. parallel. (horizontal)

25
measure east to west from 0 at the prime meridian. not parallel. (vertical)
longitude
26
graphical representation of distance on the map using bar lengths with number labels
bar scale
27
does not use units. (ex: 1:24000)
ratio scale
28
scale represented in words. (ex: 1 in= 200 ft)
verbal scale
29
cross section that shows the elevations, ruggedness, and slopes along a given line between two points on a topographic map
topographic profile
30
the common practice in topographic profiles of stretching different horizontal and vertical scales
vertical exaggeration
31
flow continuously throughout the year and are represented by blue lines on topographic maps
perennial streams
32
flow only at certain times of the year. represented by dotted line segments
intermittent streams
33
occurs when a streak overflows its banks
flood
34
sediment transported and deposited by streams
alluvium
35
drainage network including upland tributaries and mains tream
stream drainage system
36
stream drainage systems form characteristic patterns of drainage depending on relief and geology
stream drainage patterns
37
measure of steepness of a slope expressed in ft/mi. calculated by dividing relief by path distance
gradient
38
relatively flat areas on either side of a river prone to flooding
floodplain
39
form at the outer edge of a meander and experience erosion
cutbanks
40
form at the inner edge of a meander and experience deposition
point bars
41
forms as a result of a meander being cut off from main stream channel
oxbow lake
42
median grain size in a distribution
D50
43
fluid stress acting on the bed creating shear forces in the direction of flow
boundary shear stress
44
the boundary shear stress that initiates motion of a specific grain, grain size dependent
critical boundary shear stress
45
the amount of water flowing through a channel and stays constant unless water leaves or enters the system. velocity x channel width x channel depth
stream discharge
46
boundary shear stress (kg/m*s^2 or Pa)= density (kg/m^3) x G (9.8m/s^2) x bed gradient x water depth (m)
depth slope product
47
entire area of land drained by one stream
drainage basin
48
sensitivity of surface temperature to changes in radiation. warming/number of CO2 doublings
climate sensitivity
49
log2(high CO2/low CO2)
number of CO2 doublings