Geology Lab Final

Question 1

Waves that move through the interior of the earth. split into two categories of primary and secondary waves.

Answer 1

body waves

Question 2

compressional waves. fastest and first to arrive

Answer 2

p-waves (primary waves)

Question 3

shear waves. slower than p waves but faster than surface waves. moves perpendicular to the direction of the wave. propagates through SOLIDS ONLY

Answer 3

s-waves (secondary waves)

Question 4

waves that travel along the surface of the earth. most damaging and slowest wave. smaller on bedrock and higher on unconsolidated sediment.

Answer 4

surface waves

Question 5

where earthquakes are most common

Answer 5

shallow crust (~15 km)

Question 6

depth of the brittle-ductile transition is

Answer 6

temperature controlled

Question 7

earthquakes can go up to

Answer 7

300 km

Question 8

location where the sliding starts

Answer 8

focus

Question 9

location on the surface directly above the focus

Answer 9

epicenter

Question 10

cardinal direction (N,W,E,S) of a horizontal line in an inclined plane

Answer 10

strike

Question 11

number of degrees the plane is tilted down from the horizontal

Answer 11

dip

Question 12

FUN dip-slip faults

Answer 12

footwall up normal

Question 13

FDR dip-slip faults

Answer 13

footwall down reverse

Question 14

types of strike-slip faults

Answer 14

left-lateral and right-lateral

Question 15

zone of the fold with maximum curvature (peaks)

Answer 15

hinge

Question 16

sides of the fold where the bed curvature is smallest

Answer 16

limbs

Question 17

plane that symmetrically divides the fold

Answer 17

axial plane

Question 18

line formed by the intersection of the axial plane with the beds of the fold

Answer 18

fold axis

Question 19

fold with a non-horizontal fold axis

Answer 19

plunging fold

Question 20

a convex-upward fold whose core contains the older rocks (mountain shaped)

Answer 20

anticline

Question 21

a concave-upward fold whose core contains the younger rocks (valley shaped)

Answer 21

syncline

Question 22

heavier lines with elevations printed on them used as a point of reference

Answer 22

index contour

Question 23

predetermined vertical distance

Answer 23

contour interval

Question 24

measured from 0 at the equator to 90N and 90S. parallel. (horizontal)

Answer 24

latitude

Question 25

measure east to west from 0 at the prime meridian. not parallel. (vertical)

Answer 25

longitude

Question 26

graphical representation of distance on the map using bar lengths with number labels

Answer 26

bar scale

Question 27

does not use units. (ex: 1:24000)

Answer 27

ratio scale

Question 28

scale represented in words. (ex: 1 in= 200 ft)

Answer 28

verbal scale

Question 29

cross section that shows the elevations, ruggedness, and slopes along a given line between two points on a topographic map

Answer 29

topographic profile

Question 30

the common practice in topographic profiles of stretching different horizontal and vertical scales

Answer 30

vertical exaggeration

Question 31

flow continuously throughout the year and are represented by blue lines on topographic maps

Answer 31

perennial streams

Question 32

flow only at certain times of the year. represented by dotted line segments

Answer 32

intermittent streams

Question 33

occurs when a streak overflows its banks

Answer 33

flood

Question 34

sediment transported and deposited by streams

Answer 34

alluvium

Question 35

drainage network including upland tributaries and mains tream

Answer 35

stream drainage system

Question 36

stream drainage systems form characteristic patterns of drainage depending on relief and geology

Answer 36

stream drainage patterns

Question 37

measure of steepness of a slope expressed in ft/mi. calculated by dividing relief by path distance

Answer 37

gradient

Question 38

relatively flat areas on either side of a river prone to flooding

Answer 38

floodplain

Question 39

form at the outer edge of a meander and experience erosion

Answer 39

cutbanks

Question 40

form at the inner edge of a meander and experience deposition

Answer 40

point bars

Question 41

forms as a result of a meander being cut off from main stream channel

Answer 41

oxbow lake

Question 42

median grain size in a distribution

Answer 42

D50

Question 43

fluid stress acting on the bed creating shear forces in the direction of flow

Answer 43

boundary shear stress

Question 44

the boundary shear stress that initiates motion of a specific grain, grain size dependent

Answer 44

critical boundary shear stress

Question 45

the amount of water flowing through a channel and stays constant unless water leaves or enters the system. velocity x channel width x channel depth

Answer 45

stream discharge

Question 46

boundary shear stress (kg/m*s^2 or Pa)= density (kg/m^3) x G (9.8m/s^2) x bed gradient x water depth (m)

Answer 46

depth slope product

Question 47

entire area of land drained by one stream

Answer 47

drainage basin

Question 48

sensitivity of surface temperature to changes in radiation. warming/number of CO2 doublings

Answer 48

climate sensitivity

Question 49

log2(high CO2/low CO2)

Answer 49

number of CO2 doublings