Geology Finals Flashcards
These rock type or materials are not prone to landslide but are prone to rockslide.
Sedimentary Rocks
However, weak sedimentary rocks, such as ________ and _______, are also highly susceptible to landslide.
Mudstone and shale
These rock type or materials are hazard or prone to landslide.
Mud or clay sand
It us an office associated with DOST. An index topographic map.
National Mapping and Resource Information Authority
Are natural shapes or features at the Earth’s surface.
Landforms
A place on Earth’s surface that is much higher than the land around it.
Mountain
Is a lowland area between higher lands such as mountains.
Valley
A deep valley with very steep sides.
Canyon
A flat area on Earth’s surface.
Plain
A flat area higher than the land around it.
Plateau
A land that is completely surrounded by water.
Island
A water that is completely surrounded by land.
Lake
Are the largest bodies of water on Earth.
Ocean
The area where the ocean touches the land.
Coast
A hot dry place with little or no rainfall.
Desert
A long flowing body of water.
River
Represents the shape of the land on a flat piece of paper using contour lines.
Topography
(a) Represents different elevations on a topographic map. Each of this values that are of equal elevation making them an (b) ______.
(a) Contour Lines
(b) Isolines
It connects points of equal value on a field map.
Isolines
These are lines connecting points of equal temperature.
Isotherms
These are lines connecting points of equal barometric (air) pressure.
Isobar
These are lines connecting points of equal elevation.
Contour Lines
Enumerate the example of isolines.
Isotherms, Isobar, and Contour Lines
It shows a region with a measurable quantity at every location.
Field Map
Enumerate rules for drawing isolines.
*
Enumerate rules for drawing contour lines.
*
These are shown by hachured contour lines.
Closed depressions.
____ = short dashes
Hachures
A hachured contour line, lying between two different contour lines, is the same elevation as the lower contour line. True of False.
True
Closely spaced contour lines indicate a _______.
Relatively sleep slope
Widely spaced contour lines indicate a _______.
Relatively gentle slope
They seem to touch but never cross.
Vertical cliff-contour lines
When a river or stream crosses a contour line, the contour line bends and points ______.
Upstream
_______ is where the river starts higher elevation. (River and Streams)
Upstream
_______ is where the river ends lower elevation. (River and Streams)
Downstream
What shape or letter does the contour bend form when a contour line crosses a stream or valley? And at what direction does it points?
“V” that points upstream
Heavy lines spaced at a predetermined labeled elevations on a topographic map.
Index Contour Line
The vertical distance that separates every contour line on a topographic map.
Contour Interval
In interpreting a topographic map:
Estimating elevation & gradient
This refers to the steepness of the land (slope).
Gradient
As stress rate is increased, the material goes from being elastic to plastic and finally fracturing by brittle fracture.
Rate of Stress
At lower temperatures, the material fractures sooner. At higher temperatures, the material behaves like a plastic longer before fracturing.
Temperature
The lower the pressure, the sooner the material will fracture.
Confining pressure
(Geologic Structures) Rate of Stress
*
(Geologic Structures) Temperature
*
(Geologic Structures) Confining Pressure
*
A fault in which the rocks above the fault plane moves up in relation to the rocks below.
Reverse Fault
This occurs when two blocks of rocks are forced together by compression.
Reverse Fault
A series of visible layers within a rock.
Bedding
The oldest layers is usually on the bottom with the layers becoming younger upward.
Principle of Original Horizontality
This is common in turbidity current deposits which form when sediment-water mixtures flow along the seafloor.
Graded Bedding
Small ridges formed on the surface of sediment by moving wind or water.
Beds: Ripple Marks
A series of thin, inclined layers within a larger bed of rock.
Beds: Cross-Bedding
What are the most common materials in cross-bedding?
Sandstone
Polygonal cracks formed in very fined-grained sediment as it dries.
Beds: Mudcracks
Only form in environments where sediment is exposed above water.
Mudcracks
Enumerate the 3 terms to describe tilted beds.
True dip angle, dip direction, and strike
Is the angle with the horizontal down the line of the greatest slope.
True dip angle
Is the bearing of the dip.
Dip direction
Is the direction of outcrop, thus is perpendicular to the direction of dip.
Strike
Clinometer for measuring strike and dip.
Silva Compass & Brunton Compass
(Attitude of Beds/Structural Planes) If the ground surface is flat, the tilt angle is dominant. This controls the width of the outcrop. True or False.
True
This arises when a series of tilted beds becomes buried beneath further beds of a different dip.
Unconformity
The surface across which the dip changes.
Plane of Unconformity
When a set of horizontal layers are subjected to compressive forces, they bend either upwards or downwards.
Folds
Enumerate 2 types of folds.
Anticline and syncline
This fold is convex upwards.
Anticline
When the beds are bent downwards, this fold is convex downward.
Syncline
What are the three types of faults?
Normal Faults, Reverse Faults, & Strike Slip Faults
This fault motion is caused by tensional forces.
Normal Fault
Other names for normal fault.
Normal-slip fault, tensional fault, gravity fault.
The block above the fault moves up relative to the block below the fault.
Reverse Fault
This motion is caused by compressional forces and result in shortening.
Reverse Fault
In reverse fault, what is it called if the dip or slope of the fault plane is small.
Thrust Fault
Rocks are strong in taking _____.
Compressive load
Rocks are relatively weak in taking _____.
Tensile load
Rocks behave mostly as brittle material when ____.
Unconfined
Rocks behave as ductile or plastic when _____ is acted.
High confining pressure
(Physico-Mechanical Properties of Rocks) Physical Properties
DMPPVETD
(Physico-Mechanical Properties of Rocks) Mechanical Properties
UnTePoTriDi
Are always filled with some type of fluid - either liquid or gas.
Voids
This influence mechanical behavior of the material.
Amount of void space & amount and type of fluid
Parameters used to quantify relative amount of void space.
Porosity and void ratio
Rate at which fluids will move through a saturated material.
Permeability
Permeability defined by the property of the material.
Intrinsic Permeability
Measure of the ability of a rock or soil to transmit water.
Hydraulic Conductivity
Stresses can be resolved into three principal stresses that are mutually perpendicular.
Maximum, intermediate, and minimum stress
The amount of deformation is called ______.
Strain
The type and amount of strain that a particular material experiences depends on:
Type of stresses applied & depth and temperature
Deformation - Response to Stress. Ideal Materials:
Elastic, Viscous, & Plastic
Is a slope of regression line in a stress-strain rate plot.
Viscous
No strain until some critical stress value has been reached; then continuous deformation.
Plastic
This a common method of testing rock behavior.
Unconfined compression test
Refers to a technique that improves the engineering properties of the soil mass.
Ground Modification
Classification of Ground Modification Techniques
-Mechanical modification
-Hydraulic modification
-Physical and chemical modification
-Modification by inclusion and confinement
Is a construction material used to embed rebars in masonry walls, connect sections of pre-cast concrete, fill voids, and seal joints.
Grout
Generally composed of a mixture of water cement, sand, often color tint, and sometimes fine gravel.
Grout
Enumerate 6 types of grout:
cement-based grouts
pure cement grout
bentonite cement grout
grout with fillers
silicate-based grouts
soft gels
The most frequently used in both water stopping and strengthening treatment,
Cement-based grouts
Usual mix proportions are from water cement ratio 0.4 to 1 for grouting.
Pure cement grout
Very high mechanical strength can be attained with this type of grout.
Pure cement grout
A stable grout.
Bentonite cement grout
Are used when water absorption and/or the size of voids are such that filling becomes essential and when the leaking of grout into adjoining areas should be limited.
Grout with fillers
Are added in order to modify the viscosity of a given grout so as to obtain a low cost product to substitute the cement.
Fillers
This term is commonly used to specify grouts with fillers that have a high sand content.
Mortar
These grouts are sodium silicate in liquid form diluted and containing a regeant.
Silicate-based grout
It is mainly for water stopping purposes.
Soft Gels
Provide the response of a larger mass under natural insitu condition.
Insitu test
Usually rock cores are heavy, so must be an appropriate size to be handled by two people. The boxes are made _____ long and should be made of ______ for durability.
1.5m; hard board
It is the percentage of the rock recovered during a single core run and gives indication of material that has been washed into suspension of the presence of natural voids.
Total core recovery
It is the percentage of full diameter core recovered during a single core run and gives indication of fracture state.
Solid core recovery
