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geology exam 4 > geology exam 4 > Flashcards

geology exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

stratovolcano

A

a volcano built of alternate layers of lava and ash

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2
Q

pyroclastic flow

A

destructive mass of hot ash, lava fragments, and gases ejected explosively from volcano a downwards slope

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3
Q

lahar

A

a mudslide containing a mixture of ash and water

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4
Q

cinder cone

A

a steep, conial hill of loose pyroclastic fragments that have built around a volcanic vent

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5
Q

strike

A

refers to the trend of the feature on the surface, measured by the direction of a horizontal line drawn on the surface

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6
Q

dip

A

refers to how steeply the feature is tilted, measured downward from the horizontal. The maximum is 90 degrees.

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7
Q

fault

A

a structure in which the rocks on opposite sides of a fracture have been moved relative to one another

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8
Q

strike-slip fault

A

fault blocks moving horizontally, parallel to the strike of the fault

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9
Q

dip-slip fault

A

a break in the earth’s crust, across which older rocks are pushed above younger rocks (thrust fault)

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10
Q

normal fault

A

the hanging wall moves downward from the footwall

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11
Q

reverse fault

A

the hanging wall moves upward from the footwall

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12
Q

elastic strain

A

the ability of a material to resume its normal shape after distortion

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13
Q

ductile strain

A

the material changes permanently as a result of stress

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14
Q

brittle strain

A

a material that is hard but liable to break or shatter easily

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15
Q

displacement

A

occurs when a block of rock moves from one location to another

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16
Q

distortion

A

occurs when a body of rock undergoes a change in shape

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17
Q

rotation

A

occurs when a change in orientation has taken place

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18
Q

stress

A

a measure of how much deforming force has been applied to a rock

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19
Q

strain

A

a measure of how much a rock has changed in response to applied stress

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20
Q

elastic-rebound theory

A

when stress is applied to rocks, they first deform elastically. in this case, the stick bends. Stop the stress and the stick straightens out again

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21
Q

compressional stress

A

deforming forces squeeze a rock mass, acting directly opposite one another

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22
Q

tensional stress

A

deforming forces act directly opposite one another to pull an object apart

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23
Q

shear

A

deforming forces cause blocks of rock to slide past one another

24
Q

lithostatic pressure

A

deforming forces are equal from all directions

25
Q

anticline

A

a ridge-shaped fold of stratified rock in which the strata slope downward from the crust

26
Q

syncline

A

a fold of stratified rock in which the strata slope is upward from the crust

27
Q

seismic waves

A

a wave in the earth produced by an earthquake

28
Q

body waves

A

solutions of the elastic equation of motion that propagate outward from a seismic source (S and P waves)

29
Q

surface waves

A

travel more slowly through the earth’s material at the planet’s surface and are predominantly lower frequency than body waves (love and body wave)

30
Q

P waves

A

the fastest body wave. It can travel through solids and liquids

31
Q

S waves

A

slower and only travel through solids

32
Q

wave

A

produced when a vibrating source periodically disturbs the first particle of a medium

33
Q

focus

A

the place within the earth where the energy is released. Within the ground

34
Q

stick

A

strain builds up during the quiet periods but friction between the blocks prevents motion

35
Q

slip

A

increased stress overcomes the friction and the blocks move

36
Q

stick-slip fault motion

A

fault block is not continuous. there is a short episode of movement followed by long quiet periods and then the fault blocks move again

37
Q

Rayleigh waves

A

the only waves in which particle motion is circular rather than in a straight line

38
Q

refraction

A

Snells Law/ waves bend back towards the surface when traveling through regions where the velocity increases with depth

39
Q

modified Mercalli intensity scale

A

measures the amount of damage caused by the earthquake using roman numerals

40
Q

Richters Magnitude Scale

A

measures the amount of energy released by an earthquake using Arabic numbers

41
Q

relative age

A

statement that a rock is older or younger than another, relative to the other

42
Q

numerical age

A

a statement of how many years old it is

43
Q

uniformitarianism

A

the assertion that processes that make rocks today also made them in the ancient geologic past

44
Q

original horizontality

A

layers of sediment are originally deposited horizontally under the action of gravity

45
Q

superposition

A

rock layers are laid upon one another

46
Q

inclusions

A

any material that is trapped inside a mineral during its formation

47
Q

principles used to determine the relative age

A

uniformitarianism, original horizontality, superposition, inclusions, cross-cutting relationships, faunal and floral succession, graded bed, mud cracks, impressions

48
Q

disconformity

A

an unconformity between parallel strata or lava flows, usually very irregular and often with inclusions

49
Q

angular unconformity

A

an unconformity between non-parallel strata

50
Q

nonconformity

A

an unconformity formed when stratified sedimentary rocks are deposited on eroded igneous or metamorphic rock

51
Q

half-life

A

the amount of time it takes for one half of the remaining parent atoms to decay into their daughter products

52
Q

constructive

A

forces that build landforms

53
Q

destructive

A

forces of erosion that level landforms

54
Q

slides

A

solid mass downhill landslides, rockslides

55
Q

slumps

A

solid mass rotates and slides downhill

56
Q

soil creep

A

the slow mass wasting process of soil on a slope, under the influence of gravity

57
Q

talus

A

the pile of rocks that accumulates at the base of a cliff, chute, or slope

geology exam 4 (2 decks)

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