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Geology 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Igneous

A

Formed by the solidfication of magma

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2
Q

What is Sedimentary

A

Formed from the products of the breakdown of pre existing rocks

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3
Q

What is metamorphic

A

formed by the transformation of minerals in a preexisting rock under the influence of elevated temperature, pressure, hot fluids or all 3.

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4
Q

What is Magma

A

Molten rock that originates at the depths as great as 200km within the earth. It consist of Si, O, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mg, and several gasses.

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5
Q

What is Lava

A

Magma without the gas that flows on the surface,

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6
Q

Volcanic (Extrusive)

A

on the surface, fine grained, glassy, vesicular, volcanic fragments.

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7
Q

Plutonic (Intrusive)

A

magma that crystalizes below the surface, larger crystal grains.

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8
Q

Crystalization of magma

A
  1. Ions are arranged in orderly patterns.
  2. Crystal size of rock is determied by the rate of cooling.
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9
Q

Cooling rate - Slow

A

Forms large crystals

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10
Q

Cooling rate - Fast

A

Forms microscopic crystals

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11
Q

Cooling rate- very fast

A

Forms glass

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12
Q

Igneous rock Classification

A
  1. Texture
    2.Mineral Combustion
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13
Q

Texture meaning

A

Size and arrangement of crystals.

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14
Q

Texture types

A

Aphanitic
Phaneritic
Prphyritic
Glassy
Pegmatic
Vesicular
Pyroclastic

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15
Q

Aphanitic

A

fine grained, fast rate of cooling, less than 1cm across. Basalt and Andesite

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16
Q

Phaneritic

A

Coarse grained, slow rate of cooling, intrusive, large mineral grains (1mm to 1km). Granite and Diorite

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17
Q

Porphyritic

A

2 distinct crystal sizes, 2 rates of cooling, extrusive. Andesite Porphyry.

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18
Q

Glassy

A

Very fast rate of cooling, extrusive. Obsidian and Perlite.

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19
Q

Pegmatic

A

Intrusive, crystals larger than 1km across. Pegmatite.

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20
Q

Vesicular.

A

Extrusive, holes formed by escaping gas. Scoria (Vesicular basalt) and pumice.

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21
Q

Pyroclastic

A

Extrusive volcanic fragments of crystals, rocks, glass shards, pumice fragments. Ash flow tuff and volcanic Breccia

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22
Q

Mineral Combustion

A

Magma rich with silica along with Al, Mg, Fe, Ca, Na, and K.

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23
Q

Mineral Combustion Types

A

Felsic
Intermediate
Mafic
Ultramafic

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24
Q

Felsic

A

light colored like quartz, feldspars and minor dark materials like horneblende and biotite. Bhyolite and Granite

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25
Q

Intermediate

A

cotain equal amounds of dark horneblende biotite and lighter feldspars. Andesite and diorite.

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26
Q

Mafic

A

Cointain mostly dark Mg and Fe rich silicates along with olivine as well as very little light colored feldspars. Basalt and Gabbro.

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27
Q

Ultramafic

A

Consists of yellowing green olivine and pyrozene Peridotite.

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28
Q

Eruptive Materials

A

Lava Flows
Gases
Pyroclastics

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29
Q

Lava Flows

A

Basaltic Lavas are more fluid

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30
Q

Pahoehoe Lava type

A

loraided lava

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31
Q

Aa Lava Type

A

Rough, jagged blocks

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32
Q

Gases in magma

A

gasses are 1 - 5% of magma
H2O and Co2
HCL HF CO SO2 H2S H2 NH3 CH4 SiF4

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33
Q

Pyroclastics Meaning

A

Fire Fragments

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34
Q

Pyroclastic Types

A

Ash
Pumice
Lapilla
Cinders
Blocks
Bombs

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35
Q

Pyroclastic Ash

A

Fine, glassy

36
Q

Pyroclastic Pumice

A

Frothy Lava

37
Q

Pyroclastic Lapilla

A

Walnut Size

38
Q

Pyroclastic Cinders

39
Q

Pyroclastic Blocks

A

Large hardened lava

40
Q

Pyroclastic Bombs

A

Ejected as hot as lava

41
Q

Factors that determine violence of eruption

A

Compostion of magma
Temperatrue of magma
dissoved gasses in magma

42
Q

Viscosity meaning

A

Ciscosity is a measure of a materials resistance to flow.

43
Q

Factors affecting viscosity

A

Temperature
Composition

44
Q

High SIlica Viscosity

A

Granite Lava

45
Q

Low silica Viscosity

A

Basalitic Lava

46
Q

Dissolved gasses

A

H20 Vapor
Co2
gasses expand near surface
Provide fore to extude lava
violence depends on how fast gas escapes

47
Q

Fluid magma eruption violence

A

escapes easily - not violent

48
Q

Viscous magma eruption violence

A

Violent eruption

49
Q

Parts of a volcano

A

Crater
Caldera
Vent

50
Q

Crater volcano meaning

A

Steepwalled depression at the summit

51
Q

Caldera volcano meaning

A

Summit deppresion greater than 1km in diameter

52
Q

Vent volcano meaning

A

Throat of volcano

53
Q

Types of volcanoes

A

Sheild
Cinder Cone
Composite (Stratovolcano)

54
Q

Sheild Volcano

A

Broad, slightly domed
Balsatic lava
Hawaiian island volcanoes
EX: Kilawea, Mauna Loa

55
Q

Cinder Cone Volcano

A

Built from pyrocalstics
steep
>1000ft high
occurin groups
EX: Capulin

56
Q

Composite (Stratovolcano) Volcano

A

Alternating layers of lava and pyroclastics
Violent eruptions
large volcanoes
produce clouds of ash and gas that move down the slope at 120mph
pacific coast volcanoes
EX: St helens, Galeros, Fuji, Arenal

57
Q

Volcanic Landforms

A

Caldrea
volcanic Neck
Lava Plateau
Pyroclastic Flows

58
Q

Caldera

A

A crater that exeeds 1km in diameter

59
Q

Volcanic neck

A

resistant vent left after erosion. EX Shiprock NM

60
Q

Lava Plateau

A

lava that builds up from fissure eruptions. EX Colombia plateau, Washington and the decon plateau, India.

61
Q

Pyroclastic Flows

A

Material is propelled from a vent at a high rate of speed. Consists of ash and pumice fragments.
Fourms ash flow tuff
EX: Yellowstone plateau

62
Q

Intrusive Igneous Activity

A

Magma emplaced at depth
Pluton

63
Q

Pluton

A

Underground igenous body is called a pluton.

64
Q

Classifications of Plutons

A

Shape
Orentation

65
Q

Shape of Pluton

A

Tabular or sheet like
Massive

66
Q

Orentation of Pluton

A

The surrounding rock

67
Q

Discordant Pluton

A

Cuts along sedimentary beds

68
Q

Concordant Pluton

A

Cuts parrallel to sedimentary beds

69
Q

Types of igenous activity

A

Dike
Sill
Laccolith
Stock
Batholith

70
Q

Dike

A

Tabular, discordant pluton

71
Q

Sill

A

Tabular concordant pluton. EX PalsidesNY

72
Q

Laccolith

A

Lens shaped mass arch like

73
Q

Stock

A

less than 100km sized batholith

74
Q

Batholith

A

largests intrusive body forms in cores of mountains.

75
Q

Distrobutions of Igenous Activity

A

Along Plate Margins
Intraplate volcanism

76
Q

Along plate margins of Igenous Avtivity

A

Divergent
Convergent

77
Q

Divergent

A

Oceanic ridge spreading center, the lithosphere pulls apart large quantites of basaltic magama is produced.

78
Q

Convergent

A

Plates come together and one decends below the other magma rises slowly and forms moutains or islands. EX Andes Mnt. Explosive volcanoes, Ring of Fire

79
Q

Intra Plate Volcanism

A

activity within a ridged plate, partial melting of mantle rock, plumes of magma move upward, form hot spots in the ocean. Ex. Hawaiian Island, Carribian Islands.

80
Q

Deadly Eruptions

A

Tambora
Krakatau
Mt. Pelle
Nevado Del Ruiz
UnZen
Pinatubo

81
Q

Tambora Explosion

A

92,000 from Starvation

82
Q

Krakatau Explosion

A

36400 from Tsunami

83
Q

Mt. Pelle Explosion

A

29035 from Ash Flows

84
Q

Nevado Del Ruiz Explosion

A

25000 Mud Flows

85
Q

Unzen

A

14300 Collapse and Tsunami

86
Q

Pinatubo

A

800 Collapsed Buildings

Geology (6 decks)

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