Geology

Question 1

How are sedimentary rocks formed, give 2 examples?

Answer 1

Layers of sediment, small particles that have been eroded
Limestone, sandstone

Question 2

What is the material that makes limestone?

Answer 2

Skeletons deposited under a warm ocean

Question 3

What material makes sandstone?

Answer 3

Sand from rivers

Question 4

How are extrusive igneous rocks formed?

Answer 4

Lava which turns into basalt when cooled

Question 5

What kind of crystals do extrusive igneous rocks have and why?

Answer 5

Fine grained crystals as extrusive rocks cool down quickly

Question 6

How are intrusive igneous rocks formed?

Answer 6

Forms within the crust

Question 7

What kind of crystals do intrusive igneous rocks have, why?

Answer 7

cool slowly creating large crystals

Question 8

What contact metamorphism?

Answer 8

Rocks underground come in contact with heat (magma), the magma burns the rock, changing the rock into a different rock

Question 9

What causes regional metamorphism and where is it found?

Answer 9

Caused by pressure
Usually found at destructive plate boundaries

Question 10

Whats one evidence for glaciers?

Answer 10

U shaped valley- valley with steep sides and flat valley floor created by erosion so processed of a glacier

Question 11

How have metamorphic rocks been changed?

Answer 11

Through heat and pressure, and often show layers or bands of minerals

Question 12

How do u shaped valleys form?

Answer 12

Formed by glacial plucking, which freezes rocks, and abrasion, which grinds and deepens the valley as the glacier moves

Question 13

How do fossils form in sedimentary rocks?

Answer 13

Sediment layers bury plants and animals, which over time become compacted and cemented into rock, preserving their organisms and enabling scientists to study past life forms and environments.

Question 14

How did the ice age affect sea levels in the uk?

Answer 14

During the ice age, glaciers cause sea levels to drop significantly. As ice melted, sea levels rose, flooding low-lying areas and forming features like river valleys and coastal plains

Question 15

What is the difference between upland and lowland landscapes in the uk?

Answer 15

Upland- typically made up of igneous and metamorphic rocks, which are harder and form mountainous terrains
Lowland- sedimentary rocks which are softer and flatter, less elevated areas

Question 16

How do glacial processes contribute to landscape development?

Answer 16

Shape the landscape by carving valleys, creating land forms like drumlins, and depositing sediment in lowlands

Question 17

What types of erosion and weathering are common in the UK’s upland areas?

Answer 17

Mechanical weathering (such as freeze-thaw) and chemical weathering (like carbonation of limestone) are common. Erosion by glaciers and rivers also shapes the landscape, carving valleys and fjords.

Question 18

Which rock types are most resistant to weathering and why?

Answer 18

Igneous and metamorphic rocks are more resistant to weathering due to their dense, crystalline structure
Sedimentary rocks are prone to weathering as they are often softer and contain pores that allow water to penetrate

Question 19

What is freeze- thaw weathering and how does it contribute to the formation of scree?

Answer 19

Occurs when water enters cracks in rock, freezes, and expands, causing the cracks to widen. This process, repeated over time, breaks the rock apart, forming a scree slope (a pile of loose rock debris) at the base of cliffs

Question 20

What is the general pattern of rock distribution across the uk, and are there any exceptions?

Answer 20

General pattern: upland areas dominated by hard igneous and metamorphic rocks while lowlands areas are made up of softer sedimentary rocks
Exceptions: some lowland areas like Weald in southern England, have igneous or metamorphic rocks due to ancient tectonic activity

Question 21

How do geological processes shape the uk’s coastal landscapes?

Answer 21

Shaped by erosion (e.g. cliff erosion from waves) and deposition (e.g. sandbars and beaches)
Harder rocks tend to form rugged coastlines, while softer rocks like clay erode more quickly, leading to features like bays and coves

Question 22

How do tectonic processes contribute to the formation of upland landscapes?

Answer 22

Plate movements can cause the Earth’s crust to buckle, fold or fracture, leading to the formation of mountain ranges and upland areas

Question 23

Suggest one way Corrie formed by glacial erosion has been modified by recent weathering?

Answer 23

Since the glaciers melted, the rocks in this area will have been weathered by freeze-thaw weathering. In the winter temperatures fall, causing water in cracks to freeze, and expand. Alternating freezing and thawing loosens and breaks the rocks to create scree slopes.

Question 24

Suggest one post glacial process that has formed the valley (talk about ribbon lakes)?

Answer 24

Glaciers have decreased in size and strength due to weather changes, glaciers create ribbon lakes that follow the shape of the valley, the sediment carried by the glacier would be deposited.

Question 25

How do scree shapes affect the shape of a valley?

Answer 25

It changes the shape of a u-shaped valley to make them v-shaped

Question 26

What is a scree slope?

Answer 26

Freeze thaw weathering causes rock to fall from sides of the u-shaped valleys forming slopes of rubble.