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Volcanoes and Earthquakes > Geologic Materials > Flashcards

Geologic Materials Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 principle types of material that make up the Earth’s crust?

A
  1. Rock
  2. Sediment
  3. Magma
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2
Q

Rock

A

Consolidated mixture of minerals

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3
Q

Sediment

A

Mixtures of rock, mineral, or organic fragments

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4
Q

Magma

A

Molten rock

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5
Q

What are the 3 principle types of magmas?

A
  1. Mafic
  2. Intermediate
  3. Felsic
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6
Q

Mafic Magma

A

Contains less than 53% silica by weight. Tends to be rich in iron and magnesium oxides, while having little sodium or potassium oxide.

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7
Q

Intermediate/Andesitic Magma

A

Contains between 54-64% silica by weight.

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8
Q

Felsic/Rhyolitic Magma

A

Contains more than 65% silica by weight. Tends to have very little iron or magnesium oxide, while having higher amounts of sodium and potassium oxide.

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9
Q

How are magma types divided?

A

On the basis of composition.

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10
Q

Partial Melting

A

The creation of magma by melting rock. Rock is not fully melted because it is a consolidated collection of minerals with different melting temperatures.

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11
Q

What determines the melting of rock?

A

Because of changes in composition, temperature, and/or surrounding pressure.

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12
Q

What determines the kind of magma produced by melting rock?

A
  1. The type of rock being melted

2. What happens to the magma and solid residue as melting takes place

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13
Q

Igneous Rock

A

Formed by the cooling and crystallization of a magma, or the accumulation and consolidation of volcanic ash or other pyroclastic material on or below the Earth’s surface.

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14
Q

What is igneous rock composed of?

A

Largely silicon/oxygen-rich crystals, glass, or consolidated glass fragments.

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15
Q

How is igneous rock grouped?

A

By texture and mineral composition.

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16
Q

Extrusive Igneous Rock

A

Has aphanitic, porphyritic, glassy, pyroclastic, or vesticular textures, and are formed when magma cools or solidifies very quickly on or near the Earth’s surface. They form on or in volcanoes and some shallow underground conduits leading to them.

17
Q

Examples of Extrusive Igneous Rock

A

Rhyolite, Andesite, and Basalt

18
Q

Intrusive Igneous Rock

A

Have either phareritic or a porphyritic crystalline textures and are formed when magma cools very slowly deep within the Earth’s crust. They form within the crust at depths greater than 4 km.

19
Q

Examples of Intrusive Igneous Rock

A

Granite, Diorite, Gabbro, and Peridotite

20
Q

Felsic Igneous Rock

A

Rich in felsic materials (potassium, feldspar, sodium rich plagioclase, quartz, and plagioclase), and poor in magnesium silicates (boitite and hornblende).

21
Q

What color is felsic igneous rock?

A

Light gray or pinkish

22
Q

Examples of Felsic Igneous Rock

A

Rhyolite and Granite

23
Q

Intermediate Igneous Rock

A

Have mineral compositions that have nearly equal amounts of felsic minerals (potassium feldspar, quartz, and plagioclase), and magnesium silicates (amphibole, biotite, and pyroxene).

24
Q

Examples of Intermediate Igneous Rock

A

Andesite and Diorite

25
Q

What color is intermediate igneous rock?

A

Medium gray

26
Q

Mafic Igneous Rock

A

Composed largely of iron-magnesium silicates (olivine, pyroxene, and amphibole) and calcium-rich plagioclase.

27
Q

What color is mafic igneous rock?

A

Darker shades of gray and black

28
Q

Examples of Mafic Igneous Rock

A

Basalt and Gabbro

29
Q

Ultramafic Igneous Rock

A

Composed largely of iron-magnesium silicates (olivine, pyroxene, and amphibole), with soe types containing calcium-rich plagioclase.

30
Q

What color is ultramafic igneous rock?

A

Black or dark green.

31
Q

Examples of Ultramafic Igneous Rock

A

Peridotite

32
Q

Magmatic Cooling

A

The cooling and solidification of magma to form igneous rock.

33
Q

What determines the kind of igneous rock produced by magmatic cooling?

A

The composition of the magma and how it cools.

Volcanoes and Earthquakes (6 decks)

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