Earthquake Hazard Mitigation

Question 1

What hazards are associated with earthquakes?

Answer 1

1. Ground rupturing and slope failures
2. Liquefaction
3. Structural damage

Question 2

Ground Dispacement

Answer 2

Rupturing of ground surfaces

Question 3

Landslides

Answer 3

Slippage of large blocks of Earth along defined surfaces.

Question 4

Liquefaction

Answer 4

The transformation of cohesive soil into a slurry of mud by seismic vibrations.

Question 5

Tsunamis

Answer 5

Large sea waves produced by undersea landslides, asteroid impacts, volcanoes, or earthquakes.

Question 6

How is seismic hazard assessed?

Answer 6

1. Analysis of event frequency and intensity
2. Stratigraphic anaysis
3. Geomorphic analysis
4. Tracking of crustal movement

Question 7

What are the 3 components of seismic risk studies?

Answer 7

1. Geologic studies
2. Soil engineering studies
3. Seismological studies

Question 8

What are the 3 types of analysis of event frequency and magnitude?

Answer 8

1. Historical earthquake frequency, location, and intensity
2. Correlation of earthquakes with mapped faults
3. Estimation of future seismic intensities with odds of reccurence

Question 9

4 Components of Stratigraphic Analysis

Answer 9

1. Foundation soils and their shaking susceptibility
2. Slope instability and subsidence
3. Fault types and activity within 100 km
4. Location of landslides, ground settlement, and water inundation problems

Question 10

4 Components of Geomorphic Aanalysis

Answer 10

1. Foundation soils and their shaking susceptibility
2. Slope instability and subsidence
3. Fault types and activity within 100 km
4. Location of landslides, ground settlement, and water inundation problems

Question 11

Tracking of Crustal Movement

Answer 11

Regional tectonics and patterns of deformation

Question 12

What can be done to reduce seismic risk?

Answer 12

1. Structural design
2. Land use planning and zoning
3. Emergency management

Question 13

Can earthquakes be predicted?

Answer 13

Seismic forecasting is possible, but not prediction of a single event.

Question 14

How are earthquakes forecasted? (4 ways)

Answer 14

1. Detection of precursor (foreshocks)
2. Location of seismic gaps
3. Tracking migrating earthquakes
4. Determining historic and prehistoric seismicity

Question 15

How does seismic activity correspond to tectonic setting? (2 ways)

Answer 15

1. Activity at plate boundaries

2. Intraplate earthquakes

Question 16

Tsunami

Answer 16

A wave generated by physical disturbance

Question 17

True or false: tsunamis are not the same as tidal waves

Answer 17

True

Question 18

How do tsunamis behave and what shapes their behavior? (3 ways)

Answer 18

1. Origin- displacement and rebound of the sea surface
2. Travel in deep water vs. travel in shallow water
3. Factors affecting behavior: intensity of source event, water depth, shape of coastline, and tide level.

Question 19

What 4 things can be done to reduce tsunami damage?

Answer 19

1. Hazard mapping based on modeling and field studies
2. Land use planning based on hazard mapping
3. Evacuation planning
4. Construction in hazard zones