geogrpahy Flashcards
How are headlands and Bays formed?
softer rocks (clay and sand) wear away faster than harder rocks (chalk) Bays form when the waves erode the soft rock but headlands are left jutting out
what happens at a constructive plate boundary?
plates moving away from eachother, magma rises between the plates which harders to basalt which forms the new ocean floor
outer core features
liquid
made from iron and nickel
second layer
how do caves, arches, stacks & stumps form?
a fault opens in the rock which forms a notch due to hydraulic action. The notch is widened into a cave which opens and forms an arch due to waves and erosion. The arch kepps wideneing until the heavy roof collapses to for a stack which leaves a stump when it collapses again
how do volcanic eruptions affect people and property
japan
-16,000 people died
- energy lost immeditely because nuclear power plant got destroyed by tsunami
- meltdown on 7 reactors
- caused pollution and damage
-300,000 were left homeless
how does longshore drift occur?
waves move in same direction as the prevalling wind washing up eroded material on the beach. Waves that travel back into the sea (backwash) travel in a straight line and in this zig-zag motion material is moved along a coastline
ANTARCTIC TREATY
-international agreement to protect the Antarctic
- no countries can own the arctic
- dumping of waste isnt allowed
- fishing is tightly controlled
How do volcantic eruptions affect people and property?
montserrat
- city was covered in ash
- pyroclastic flow caught trees on fire
- island was declared an exclusion zone
- many people lot possesions and jobs
what happens at a destructive plate boundary
earthquake
op moves towards the cp then the op (denser plate) is forced under the cp. friction builds up over time and when it is released it causes earthquakes
volcano
as the op descends into the mantle, it melts to form magma which rises through the crack in the cp during an eruption
polar region climate
- extremley cold winters and cool summers
-low precipitation
fauna adaptatios in the polar regions
polar bears
- black skin for warmth
-strong neck and leg muscles for swimmming
penguin
- heavy bones allowing them to stay underwater
-tail used as rudder
- feet held close to body for streamlinig
protecting the tropical rainforest
laws and monitoring
government can pass laws making it illegal to deforest certain areas
afforestation
planting more tree in deforested areas
selective logging
only cutting down trees that reach a certain heght
solution definition
solube rocks getting dissolved
attrition definition
rocks smashing into eachother making them smaller, smoother and more rounded
abrasion definition
rocks being picked up by waves and thrown at a cliff, wearing it away
hydrauluc action definition
air and water being forced into cracks of the cliff wearing it away
4 types of erosion:
hydraulic action
abrasion
attrition
solution
what are geomorphic processes
what changes the landscape
what are pyroclastic flows
dense, fast flow of solidified lava pieces, volcanic ash and hot gases
how can we prepare for volcanoes
evacuation plans
go bag should include torch, battery operated radio and 1st aid kit
warning systems- loud sirens
how can we predict volcanoes
seismometers- measure for earthquake activity
lasers- detect for bulging of magma under the crust
tiltmeters- detect changes in mountain size/shape
what is subduction
when the op is forced under the cp
what is formed at a destructive plate boundary
volcanoes
continental plate features
thicker
made of rocks (granite)
oceanic plate features
thinner and denser
made of rocks (basalt)
crust features
rocky outer layer
thinnest layer
what do tectonic plates move beacuse of
convection currents
what evidence is there that tectonic plates move because of onvection currents
-glacial evidence
-fossil evidence
-geological evience
-continental fit
how is a spit formed
when longshore drift continues down a coastline and reaches a gap in the coastline (depositional landform)
what are tectonic plates
crust split into large slabs (plates) which float on top of the mantle
animal and plant adaptations in the tropical rainforest
drip tips on leaves- allow rainwater to run off without damaging the leaf
gorillas- eat vegetation ( fruit and nuts) thick fur that keeps them warm
threats of the tropical rainforest
mining
soil being removed to get underground to mine out valuable materials. Danerous elements can kill the wildlife
logging
forest cut down to harvest the wood ten sold for fuel
dam building
forest cut down and land is farmed until it runs out of nutrients
how can you tell if and ageing pyramid has an ageing population
wide top
narrow base
low birth rate
low death rate
high life expectancy
how can you tell if a pop pyramid has a youthful population?
wide base
narrow top
high birth rate
high death rate
low life expectancy
benefits of ageing population
- older people contribute to society by volunteering
-unpaid hildcare for their grandchildren allowing parents to go to work
-contribute to economy by buying goods and services
benefits of youthful pop
-available potential workers for the future
-generate tax income for the country
-more money can be invested in services such as healthcare and education
mantle features
semi-molten
made of rock
thikest layer
3rd layer
threats to the polar region
commerial fishing
increase in demand for food means that many countries fish on a large scale using large ships
resource extraction
mining on land/sea isrupts fragile polar areas & oil spills are large
touridm
increase of littering and disruption to animal species
tropical rainforest climate
high temp
high rainfall
inner core features
very hot
dense solid
made of iron and nickel
first layer
problems of youthful pop
-many children reliant on few adults
-pressure on working age people and caring responsibilities
-more money needed for education and helthcare
problems of ageing pop
-small workforce as people have retired
-working age people pay more tax to fund elderly care
- more caring responsibilities or working age people
forced migration
people having to move due to war/natural disasters
refugee
forced to move to seek safety in another country
voluntary migration
choosing to move from one place to another
what was chinas one child policy
- each couple could only have one child bc the government was worried that the population was rapidly inreasing
-succesful but caused gender imblance. The government gave women longer maternity leave, better childcare but they also provided disincentives
good that the tropical rainforest gives us
paper
wood
food
meat and fish
building materials
push factors
pull factors
war, no jobs, poor quality of life
safe,well-paid jobs, cheaper& better housing
high pressure
low pressure
clea skies & no rain
cloudy & rainy
services the tropical rainforest gives us
habitats- tree in forest provide habitats to animal life
lungs of the planet- trees breathe in c02 and breath out oxygen that we need
economic migration
moving for work or better pay
