Geography Y08 Autumn 2022/23 Rivers

Question 1

1.1 hydrological cycle

Answer 1

The continuous movement of water between the land, the sea and the air.

Question 2

1.2 evaporation

Answer 2

Water changes state from liquid to gas.

Question 3

1.3 transpiration

Answer 3

Water vapour enters atmosphere through plants.

Question 4

1.4 condensation

Answer 4

Water changes state from gas to liquid.

Question 5

1.5 interception

Answer 5

Water is stored on leaves and branches of vegetation.

Question 6

1.6 throughflow

Answer 6

Water flows through the soil into the river.

Question 7

1.7 infiltration

Answer 7

Water seeps into soil.

Question 8

1.8 groundwater flow

Answer 8

Water flows through the rock into the river.

Question 9

1.9 surface runoff

Answer 9

Water flows over the land into the river.

Question 10

1.1 permeable

Answer 10

Rock that lets water seep through it.

Question 11

1.11 precipitation

Answer 11

rain, snow, sleet or hail

Question 12

1.12 drainage basin

Answer 12

The area drained by a river and its tributaries.

Question 13

1.13 watershed

Answer 13

The boundary of a drainage basin.

Question 14

1.14 source

Answer 14

The beginning of a river and the point furthest from the mouth.

Question 15

1.15 channel

Answer 15

The normal route a river follows.

Question 16

1.16 tributary

Answer 16

A stream or river adding to a larger river.

Question 17

1.17 confluence

Answer 17

The point where a tributary joins a river.

Question 18

1.18 mouth

Answer 18

The point where a river enters the sea (or lake).

Question 19

1.19 erosion

Answer 19

Wearing away of material.

Question 20

1.2 transport

Answer 20

The carrying away of material.

Question 21

1.21 deposition

Answer 21

When rivers drop load.

Question 22

1.23 hydraulic action

Answer 22

The action of water pressure in breaking the rock.

Question 23

1.24 abrasion

Answer 23

The load in the water scrapes away at the rock.

Question 24

1.25 solution

Answer 24

The dissolving of rock by minerals in the water.

Question 25

1.26 attrition

Answer 25

How rocks and stones get worn away by banging against each other.

Question 26

1.27 traction

Answer 26

Large rocks roll along the river bed.

Question 27

1.28 saltation

Answer 27

Smaller rocks bounce along the river bed.

Question 28

1.29 suspension

Answer 28

Small particles float in the water.

Question 29

1.3 solution

Answer 29

Transport of dissolved load.

Question 30

1.31 hard engineering

Answer 30

Working against a river’s natural processes to prevent floods.

Question 31

1.32 soft engineering

Answer 31

Working with a river’s natural processes to prevent floods.

Question 32

2.1 v-shaped valleys

Answer 32

Vertical erosion erodes the land vertically à valley sides collapse due to gravity and weathering à V – shaped valley

Question 33

2.2 waterfall/gorge

Answer 33

River flows over hard and soft rock à vertical erosion causes undercutting of soft rock à overhang/cap rock à collapses into plunge poolà process repeats à gorge

Question 34

2.3 meanders/oxbow lakes

Answer 34

Lateral erosion on outer bend of river à deposition on inner bend à meander widens à process repeats à meander neck gets narrower àflood à oxbow lake

Question 35

2.4 levees

Answer 35

River floods à deposition occurs on floodplain àlargest material dropped first à lightest further away à levee

Question 36

3.1.1 deforestation

Answer 36

Removal of trees reduces interception adding more water to rivers. Soil is eroded filling channels and reducing volume.

Question 37

3.1.2 urbanisation

Answer 37

The building of towns stops infiltration and increases surface runoff (sometimes worsened by drains) into rivers.

Question 38

3.2.1 relief

Answer 38

Steep hillsides encourage rapid surface runoff which overwhelms river channels.

Question 39

3.2.2 geology

Answer 39

Impermeable rock encourages rapid surface runoff which overwhelms river channels.

Question 40

3.2.3 precipitation

Answer 40

Precipitation – lots of rain in a short time can cause floods when there is more surface runoff. Precipitation over a long period can cause soil to be waterlogged and groundwater to return to the surface.

Question 41

4.1.1 dams and reservoirs

Answer 41

Large walls built across rivers to store water.

Question 42

4.1.2 channel straightening

Answer 42

Removing meanders to speed river flow.

Question 43

4.1.3 embankments

Answer 43

Raised walls to increase channel volume.

Question 44

4.1.4 flood relief channels

Answer 44

Secondary routes for river water to follow.

Question 45

4.2.1 flood warnings

Answer 45

Information to enable people to take action.

Question 46

4.2.2 preparation

Answer 46

Modifications to buildings and putting plans and stores in place.

Question 47

4.2.3 flood plain zoning

Answer 47

Restrictions on development on flood plains.

Question 48

4.2.4 river restoration

Answer 48

Returning a river to a natural state to slow water.

Question 49

5.1 Place

Answer 49

A portion of geographic space that is unique in some way and can be compared with other places

Question 50

5.2 Physical & Human processes

Answer 50

Human or physical mechanisms of change such as migration or sea-level rise

Question 51

5.3 Environmental impacts

Answer 51

The effect that people and/or natural occurrences have on the environment and our surroundings