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22-23-Y8-Geography > 22-23-Y8-Geography (Spring) > Flashcards

22-23-Y8-Geography (Spring) Flashcards

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1
Q

Development

A

The process of improving a country and making citizens wealthier

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2
Q

Quality of life

A

People’s access to education and healthcare is high so they have a good well-being

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3
Q

LICs

A

Low income countries (Kenya)

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4
Q

HICs

A

High Income Countries (UK)

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5
Q

NEEs

A

Newly Emerging Economy (Nigeria)

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6
Q

Development Indicator

A

A measurement of development

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7
Q

GDP per capita

A

Gross Domestic Product per person. (Money made per person)

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8
Q

HDI

A

Human Development Index- development indicator

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9
Q

Life expectancy

A

The age a person can expect to live to

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10
Q

Literacy rate

A

The percentage of adults aged over 15 who can read and write in a country.

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11
Q

Birth rate

A

The number of live births per 1000 per year

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12
Q

Death rate

A

The number of deaths per 1000 per year

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13
Q

Infant mortality rate

A

The number of babies that can expect to die before their 1st birthday per 1000 per year.

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14
Q

Calorie intake

A

The average number of calories per person per day

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15
Q

Development gap

A

The difference between rich and poor areas/countries

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16
Q

Trade

A

Exchanging good and services between countries for money

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17
Q

debt

A

Owing a country money

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18
Q

Interest

A

The amount paid back on top of the cost of the loan

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19
Q

aid

A

Free money or help given to close the development gap

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20
Q

SDGs

A

The SDGs aim to cover 17 areas of development for a better world like reducing poverty and child mortality.

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21
Q

Debt cycle

A

Being in debt unable to pay the money back take out a loan owe more money

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22
Q

Sustainable development

A

Meeting the needs of the present generation without affecting the needs of the future.

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23
Q

Sustainable Development Goals

A

The 17 Sustainable Development Goals created by the UN to close the development gap around the world.

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24
Q

Bilateral aid

A

One country giving aid to another e.g. UK to Ghana

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25
Q

Multilateral aid

A

An organisation like the UN giving aid to a country

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26
Q

NGO

A

Non-governmental Organisation- charity like Water Aid/Oxfam

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27
Q

Brandt Line

A

The invisible line dividing up the rich north and poor south of the world

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28
Q

HICs

A

High Income Countries (HICs) like the UK and Canada

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29
Q

NEEs

A

Newly Emerging Economies (NEEs) like Nigeria and China

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30
Q

LICs

A

Low income Countries (LICs) like Chad and Kenya.

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31
Q

Development gap

A

Different countries develop at different rates which is called the development gap.

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32
Q

weather

A

The current atmospheric conditions today e.g. snow/ sunshine

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33
Q

climate

A

The average/expected weather conditions over a long period of time in an area

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34
Q

climate zones

A

Different bands around the world sharing similar climatic conditions

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35
Q

biomes

A

Large-scale ecosystems with similar plants and animals and climate

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36
Q

front

A

Boundary separating two air masses

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37
Q

cold front

A

Cold air

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38
Q

warm front

A

Warm air

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39
Q

occluded front

A

Mixing cold and warm front

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40
Q

precipitation

A

Rainfall snow sleet hail

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41
Q

frontal rain

A

Rain that comes from when two air masses meet creating unstable conditions

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42
Q

relief rain

A

Rain created when air is forced to rise upwards over mountains cooling

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43
Q

convectional rain

A

Rain created by super-heating of the ground during hot weather causing hot air to rise then cool

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44
Q

air masses

A

Large section of air with similar temperature within it.

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45
Q

depression

A

Low pressure system forming unstable conditions with a warm and a cold front.

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46
Q

anticyclone

A

High pressure system with few clouds and little rain.

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47
Q

isobars

A

Lines drawn on a map showing areas of equal pressure.

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48
Q

meteorology

A

The study of the weather and atmosphere and its forecasting.

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49
Q

synoptic chart

A

A map used by a meteorologist to show and predict weather.

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50
Q

microclimate

A

A local set of weather conditions that are different to the surrounding area.

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51
Q

albedo effect

A

The reflection of heat and light form a lighter surface causing cooling.

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52
Q

aspect

A

The direction a slope faces which impacts the temperature.

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53
Q

urban heat island

A

The urban area causes more heat than in the surrounding countryside.

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54
Q

hypothesis

A

An educated prediction tested in an experiment.

55
Q

synoptic chart

A

Synoptic charts show area of high pressure (anticyclones) areas of low pressure (depressions) fronts and the wind.

56
Q

isobars

A

On synoptic charts the wind levels can be shown how close together the isobars are.

57
Q

windy

A

Very windy areas have isobars that are close together.

58
Q

calm

A

Calm areas have isobars that are further apart.

59
Q

hydrological cycle

A

The continuous movement of water between the land the sea and the air.

60
Q

evaporation

A

Water changes state from liquid to gas.

61
Q

transpiration

A

Water vapour enters atmosphere through plants.

62
Q

condensation

A

Water changes state from gas to liquid.

63
Q

interception

A

Water is stored on leaves and branches of vegetation.

64
Q

throughflow

A

Water flows through the soil into the river.

65
Q

infiltration

A

Water seeps into soil.

66
Q

groundwater flow

A

Water flows through the rock into the river.

67
Q

surface runoff

A

Water flows over the land into the river.

68
Q

permeable

A

Rock that lets water seep through it.

69
Q

precipitation

A

rain snow sleet or hail

70
Q

drainage basin

A

The area drained by a river and its tributaries.

71
Q

watershed

A

The boundary of a drainage basin.

72
Q

source

A

The beginning of a river and the point furthest from the mouth.

73
Q

channel

A

The normal route a river follows.

74
Q

tributary

A

A stream or river adding to a larger river.

75
Q

confluence

A

The point where a tributary joins a river.

76
Q

mouth

A

The point where a river enters the sea (or lake).

77
Q

erosion

A

Wearing away of material.

78
Q

transport

A

The carrying away of material.

79
Q

deposition

A

When rivers drop load.

80
Q

hydraulic action

A

The action of water pressure in breaking the rock.

81
Q

abrasion

A

The load in the water scrapes away at the rock.

82
Q

solution

A

The dissolving of rock by minerals in the water.

83
Q

attrition

A

How rocks and stones get worn away by banging against each other.

84
Q

traction

A

Large rocks roll along the river bed.

85
Q

saltation

A

Smaller rocks bounce along the river bed.

86
Q

suspension

A

Small particles float in the water.

87
Q

solution

A

Transport of dissolved load.

88
Q

hard engineering

A

Working against a river’s natural processes to prevent floods.

89
Q

soft engineering

A

Working with a river’s natural processes to prevent floods.

90
Q

v-shaped valleys

A

Vertical erosion erodes the land vertically à valley sides collapse due to gravity and weathering à V – shaped valley

91
Q

waterfall/gorge

A

River flows over hard and soft rock à vertical erosion causes undercutting of soft rock à overhang/cap rock à collapses into plunge poolà process repeats à gorge

92
Q

meanders/oxbow lakes

A

Lateral erosion on outer bend of river à deposition on inner bend à meander widens à process repeats à meander neck gets narrower àflood à oxbow lake

93
Q

levees

A

River floods à deposition occurs on floodplain àlargest material dropped first à lightest further away à levee

94
Q

deforestation

A

Removal of trees reduces interception adding more water to rivers. Soil is eroded filling channels and reducing volume.

95
Q

urbanisation

A

The building of towns stops infiltration and increases surface runoff (sometimes worsened by drains) into rivers.

96
Q

relief

A

Steep hillsides encourage rapid surface runoff which overwhelms river channels.

97
Q

geology

A

Impermeable rock encourages rapid surface runoff which overwhelms river channels.

98
Q

precipitation

A

Precipitation – lots of rain in a short time can cause floods when there is more surface runoff. Precipitation over a long period can cause soil to be waterlogged and groundwater to return to the surface.

99
Q

dams and reservoirs

A

Large walls built across rivers to store water.

100
Q

channel straightening

A

Removing meanders to speed river flow.

101
Q

embankments

A

Raised walls to increase channel volume.

102
Q

flood relief channels

A

Secondary routes for river water to follow.

103
Q

flood warnings

A

Information to enable people to take action.

104
Q

preparation

A

Modifications to buildings and putting plans and stores in place.

105
Q

flood plain zoning

A

Restrictions on development on flood plains.

106
Q

river restoration

A

Returning a river to a natural state to slow water.

107
Q

Place

A

A portion of geographic space that is unique in some way and can be compared with other places

108
Q

Physical & Human processes

A

Human or physical mechanisms of change such as migration or sea-level rise

109
Q

Environmental impacts

A

The effect that people and/or natural occurrences have on the environment and our surroundings

110
Q

migration

A

The movement of people from one place to another.

111
Q

immigration

A

Migration of people IN to a country.

112
Q

emigration

A

Migration of people out of a country. (Exiting a country)

113
Q

population density

A

The number of people who live in an area (per square kilometre).

114
Q

densely populated

A

An area with lots of people per square kilometre.

115
Q

sparsely populated

A

An area with few people per square kilometre.

116
Q

urban area

A

A built up area (town/city).

117
Q

rural area

A

The countryside.

118
Q

push factors

A

Negative factors making somebody want to leave an area.

119
Q

pull factors

A

Positive factors attracting somebody to an area.

120
Q

economic migrant

A

A person who moves to find better work/wages.

121
Q

refugee

A

Someone who is fleeing persecution and been granted leave to stay in another country.

122
Q

asylum seeker

A

Someone who is fleeing persecution and awaiting approval to stay in another country

123
Q

climate change refugee

A

Someone seeking a new home due to the impacts of climate change like rising sea levels.

124
Q

trend

A

The majority of people in the UK live in the south east.

125
Q

evidence

A

An example of this is London where there are over 5000 people/km2.

126
Q

anomaly

A

An anomaly would be Norfolk because it is in the south east but it only has a population density of approximately 100 people/km2

127
Q

manipulate

A

The difference in population density between London and Norfolk is 4900 people/km2.

128
Q

place

A

A portion of geographic space that is unique in some way and can be compared with other places

129
Q

space

A

Interactions that link places together e.g. the movement of people from one place to another (migration)

130
Q

interdependence

A

Where geographical locations are dependent on one another in some way or form e.g. low income countries relying on high income countries for aid

131
Q

cultural awareness

A

Our understanding of the differences between ourselves and people from other countries or other backgrounds

132
Q

cultural diversity

A

Our ability to recognise that there are a large amount of different cultures that exist around our world

133
Q

physical & human processes

A

Human or physical mechanisms of change such as migration or sea-level rise

22-23-Y8-Geography (3 decks)

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