22-23-Y8-Geography (Spring) Flashcards
Development
The process of improving a country and making citizens wealthier
Quality of life
People’s access to education and healthcare is high so they have a good well-being
LICs
Low income countries (Kenya)
HICs
High Income Countries (UK)
NEEs
Newly Emerging Economy (Nigeria)
Development Indicator
A measurement of development
GDP per capita
Gross Domestic Product per person. (Money made per person)
HDI
Human Development Index- development indicator
Life expectancy
The age a person can expect to live to
Literacy rate
The percentage of adults aged over 15 who can read and write in a country.
Birth rate
The number of live births per 1000 per year
Death rate
The number of deaths per 1000 per year
Infant mortality rate
The number of babies that can expect to die before their 1st birthday per 1000 per year.
Calorie intake
The average number of calories per person per day
Development gap
The difference between rich and poor areas/countries
Trade
Exchanging good and services between countries for money
debt
Owing a country money
Interest
The amount paid back on top of the cost of the loan
aid
Free money or help given to close the development gap
SDGs
The SDGs aim to cover 17 areas of development for a better world like reducing poverty and child mortality.
Debt cycle
Being in debt unable to pay the money back take out a loan owe more money
Sustainable development
Meeting the needs of the present generation without affecting the needs of the future.
Sustainable Development Goals
The 17 Sustainable Development Goals created by the UN to close the development gap around the world.
Bilateral aid
One country giving aid to another e.g. UK to Ghana
Multilateral aid
An organisation like the UN giving aid to a country
NGO
Non-governmental Organisation- charity like Water Aid/Oxfam
Brandt Line
The invisible line dividing up the rich north and poor south of the world
HICs
High Income Countries (HICs) like the UK and Canada
NEEs
Newly Emerging Economies (NEEs) like Nigeria and China
LICs
Low income Countries (LICs) like Chad and Kenya.
Development gap
Different countries develop at different rates which is called the development gap.
weather
The current atmospheric conditions today e.g. snow/ sunshine
climate
The average/expected weather conditions over a long period of time in an area
climate zones
Different bands around the world sharing similar climatic conditions
biomes
Large-scale ecosystems with similar plants and animals and climate
front
Boundary separating two air masses
cold front
Cold air
warm front
Warm air
occluded front
Mixing cold and warm front
precipitation
Rainfall snow sleet hail
frontal rain
Rain that comes from when two air masses meet creating unstable conditions
relief rain
Rain created when air is forced to rise upwards over mountains cooling
convectional rain
Rain created by super-heating of the ground during hot weather causing hot air to rise then cool
air masses
Large section of air with similar temperature within it.
depression
Low pressure system forming unstable conditions with a warm and a cold front.
anticyclone
High pressure system with few clouds and little rain.
isobars
Lines drawn on a map showing areas of equal pressure.
meteorology
The study of the weather and atmosphere and its forecasting.
synoptic chart
A map used by a meteorologist to show and predict weather.
microclimate
A local set of weather conditions that are different to the surrounding area.
albedo effect
The reflection of heat and light form a lighter surface causing cooling.
aspect
The direction a slope faces which impacts the temperature.
urban heat island
The urban area causes more heat than in the surrounding countryside.
hypothesis
An educated prediction tested in an experiment.
synoptic chart
Synoptic charts show area of high pressure (anticyclones) areas of low pressure (depressions) fronts and the wind.
isobars
On synoptic charts the wind levels can be shown how close together the isobars are.
windy
Very windy areas have isobars that are close together.
calm
Calm areas have isobars that are further apart.
hydrological cycle
The continuous movement of water between the land the sea and the air.
evaporation
Water changes state from liquid to gas.
transpiration
Water vapour enters atmosphere through plants.
condensation
Water changes state from gas to liquid.
interception
Water is stored on leaves and branches of vegetation.
throughflow
Water flows through the soil into the river.
infiltration
Water seeps into soil.
groundwater flow
Water flows through the rock into the river.
surface runoff
Water flows over the land into the river.
permeable
Rock that lets water seep through it.
precipitation
rain snow sleet or hail
drainage basin
The area drained by a river and its tributaries.
watershed
The boundary of a drainage basin.
source
The beginning of a river and the point furthest from the mouth.
channel
The normal route a river follows.
tributary
A stream or river adding to a larger river.
confluence
The point where a tributary joins a river.
mouth
The point where a river enters the sea (or lake).
erosion
Wearing away of material.
transport
The carrying away of material.
deposition
When rivers drop load.
hydraulic action
The action of water pressure in breaking the rock.
abrasion
The load in the water scrapes away at the rock.
solution
The dissolving of rock by minerals in the water.
attrition
How rocks and stones get worn away by banging against each other.
traction
Large rocks roll along the river bed.
saltation
Smaller rocks bounce along the river bed.
suspension
Small particles float in the water.
solution
Transport of dissolved load.
hard engineering
Working against a river’s natural processes to prevent floods.
soft engineering
Working with a river’s natural processes to prevent floods.
v-shaped valleys
Vertical erosion erodes the land vertically à valley sides collapse due to gravity and weathering à V – shaped valley
waterfall/gorge
River flows over hard and soft rock à vertical erosion causes undercutting of soft rock à overhang/cap rock à collapses into plunge poolà process repeats à gorge
meanders/oxbow lakes
Lateral erosion on outer bend of river à deposition on inner bend à meander widens à process repeats à meander neck gets narrower àflood à oxbow lake
levees
River floods à deposition occurs on floodplain àlargest material dropped first à lightest further away à levee
deforestation
Removal of trees reduces interception adding more water to rivers. Soil is eroded filling channels and reducing volume.
urbanisation
The building of towns stops infiltration and increases surface runoff (sometimes worsened by drains) into rivers.
relief
Steep hillsides encourage rapid surface runoff which overwhelms river channels.
geology
Impermeable rock encourages rapid surface runoff which overwhelms river channels.
precipitation
Precipitation – lots of rain in a short time can cause floods when there is more surface runoff. Precipitation over a long period can cause soil to be waterlogged and groundwater to return to the surface.
dams and reservoirs
Large walls built across rivers to store water.
channel straightening
Removing meanders to speed river flow.
embankments
Raised walls to increase channel volume.
flood relief channels
Secondary routes for river water to follow.
flood warnings
Information to enable people to take action.
preparation
Modifications to buildings and putting plans and stores in place.
flood plain zoning
Restrictions on development on flood plains.
river restoration
Returning a river to a natural state to slow water.
Place
A portion of geographic space that is unique in some way and can be compared with other places
Physical & Human processes
Human or physical mechanisms of change such as migration or sea-level rise
Environmental impacts
The effect that people and/or natural occurrences have on the environment and our surroundings
migration
The movement of people from one place to another.
immigration
Migration of people IN to a country.
emigration
Migration of people out of a country. (Exiting a country)
population density
The number of people who live in an area (per square kilometre).
densely populated
An area with lots of people per square kilometre.
sparsely populated
An area with few people per square kilometre.
urban area
A built up area (town/city).
rural area
The countryside.
push factors
Negative factors making somebody want to leave an area.
pull factors
Positive factors attracting somebody to an area.
economic migrant
A person who moves to find better work/wages.
refugee
Someone who is fleeing persecution and been granted leave to stay in another country.
asylum seeker
Someone who is fleeing persecution and awaiting approval to stay in another country
climate change refugee
Someone seeking a new home due to the impacts of climate change like rising sea levels.
trend
The majority of people in the UK live in the south east.
evidence
An example of this is London where there are over 5000 people/km2.
anomaly
An anomaly would be Norfolk because it is in the south east but it only has a population density of approximately 100 people/km2
manipulate
The difference in population density between London and Norfolk is 4900 people/km2.
place
A portion of geographic space that is unique in some way and can be compared with other places
space
Interactions that link places together e.g. the movement of people from one place to another (migration)
interdependence
Where geographical locations are dependent on one another in some way or form e.g. low income countries relying on high income countries for aid
cultural awareness
Our understanding of the differences between ourselves and people from other countries or other backgrounds
cultural diversity
Our ability to recognise that there are a large amount of different cultures that exist around our world
physical & human processes
Human or physical mechanisms of change such as migration or sea-level rise
