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GCSE Geography Theme 2 > Geography Theme 2 - Rivers > Flashcards

Geography Theme 2 - Rivers Flashcards

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1
Q

Erosion by Hydraulic Action

A

water forced into gaps and sediment breaks away

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2
Q

Erosion by Abrasion

A

Particles in water rubs against the side of the river bed

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3
Q

Erosion by Attrition

A

Rocks hit each other and break away

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4
Q

Erosion by Solution

A

river is acidic and corrodes side

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5
Q

Transportation by Saltation

A

pebbles bouce along the river bed

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6
Q

Transportation by Traction

A

moving of large boulders along river bed

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7
Q

Transportation by suspension

A

small sediment carried at surface of river

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8
Q

Transportation by solution

A

so small they are dissolved in the river

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9
Q

The long river profile

A

Starts at the source to the moth

  • Increases in size of channel, velocity and amount of load widens and deepens as you go down
  • Most efficient lower course
  • Decrease in gradient as you go down towards the mouth
  • Large materials - source
  • Upper course - waterfalls and , v-shaped valley (vertical erosion)
  • Middle course - meander create flood plain, oxbow lake
  • Lower course - delta
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10
Q

River Landforms - Waterfalls

A

Waterfalls eg Niagra

  • hard rock overlays soft rock
  • upper course and vertical erosion
  • hydraulic action erode the soft rock
  • creates plunge pool
  • leads to overhang
  • waterfall retreats upstream leaving a gorge
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11
Q

River Landforms - Meanders

A

eg River Severn

  • middle course
  • deposition and lateral erosion
  • fastest flowing on outside so more erosion = river cliff formed
  • slower on inside, less energy and more deposition = slip off slope formed
  • helicoidal flow = corkscrew like flow
  • oxbow lake = over time when the meander gets cut off
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12
Q

River Landforms - Deltas

A

eg the Ganges Delta

  • lower course at the Mouth and deposition
  • when river meets the sea loses energy
  • deposits the sediment it is carrying
  • extremely fertile soil due to the load being carried
  • vulnerable to flooding
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13
Q

Delta - definition

A

fan shaped landform created at the mouth of a river when its load is deposited into many channels as it slows down

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14
Q

Floodplain - definition

A

the wide, flat areas of land either side of a river that are liable to flood.

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15
Q

Levees - definition

A

an embankment built up either side of a river after flooding

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16
Q

River Processes and landforms

A

Energy in the river is controlled by velocity of the water.
-the more energy = more erosion and transportation
Velocity increases with channel efficiency and gradient
Channel efficiency is controlled by the
- amount of friction which is controlled by the channel shape and smoothness

17
Q

River estuary

A

the wider lower course of a river where it flows into the sea
- mixture of fresh and sea (salt) water

18
Q

River Management Techniques in an MEDC

eg Mississippi, USA

A

eg Mississippi River (USA)

  1. levees - concrete wall over 3000km long : better protection river side and allow the river greater discharge increasing channel capacity
  2. burst control banks
  3. wing dykes - traps large sediment makes channel smaller
  4. control dams and reservoirs - store flood waters until needed and then controlled by the dam
  5. change shape of valley
  6. matress of concrete slabs
19
Q

Drainage Basin

A

AREA DRAINGED BY RIVER AND ITS TRIBUTARIES

20
Q

Factors encouraging flooding

A
  1. High rainfall
  2. Saturated ground (from previous rainfall)
  3. impermeable rocks and soil
  4. steep slopes
  5. frozen ground
  6. Deforestation reduces interception
  7. Urbanisation creates impermeable surfaces
21
Q

River Management Strategies - Hard Engineering - 4 points

A
  1. Levees - concrete wall along banks of a river or canal. They allow the river to greater discharge increasing channel capacity
  2. Flood spillways - alternative channels build to carry water at time of flood. The water will re-enter the river further down the river channel
  3. Reservoir - designed to store flood waters thus moving water out of the river.
  4. Dams help to control the water flow
22
Q

Hard Engineering of Rivers - negative effects

A

-ve
Changes the natural flow of the river
cost lots
disrupt natural flooding cycles and river ecosystems

23
Q

Erosion - definition

A

the wearing away and removal of rocks and surfaces

24
Q

Deposition - definition

A

when transported material is laid down

25
Q

Transportation - definition

A

when matter is carried along/moved eg by a river

26
Q

Watershed - definition

A

a boundary between two drainage basins

27
Q

confluence- definition

A

meeting point of two rivers

28
Q

discharge - definition

A

how much water in the river

29
Q

annnual hydrograph - definition

A

discharge of flood

30
Q

flood hydrograph- definition

A

shows how river responds to flood

GCSE Geography Theme 2 (12 decks)

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