Geography-The Urban World

Question 1

What is a megacity?

Answer 1

A city with a population of more than 10 million people.

Question 2

What is good about people living in cities?(6)

Answer 2

It brings people together.
Allows people to specialise.
Produces 80% of the world's GDP.
Higher living standards.
Lots of amenities and services.
Better, faster transport.

Question 3

What are the pull factors for moving to a city?(11)

Answer 3

Higher standard of living - cleanliness.
Higher chances of employment - more jobs.
Higher paying jobs - more expendable income.
More advanced technology.
Better public transport and transport routes.
Wide variety of food and cultures.
More amenities and services.
Good for social life.
You may have friends of families living their already.
Better medical facilities and they are closer.
Better chance of getting an education.

Question 4

What are the push factors for moving to a city?(11)

Answer 4

Environmental degradation.
Population pressure.
Can only receive a basic education.
Fewer chances for employment.
Lower paying jobs.
Worse medical facilities and good ones may be far away.
Not great for a social life.
Little expendable income.
More exposed to the environment.
Less technologically advanced.
Rural areas are isolated with poor transport routes.

Question 5

What are the bad things with farming?(5)

Answer 5

Farming is hard and poorly paid.
Drought and other climate hazards reduce crop yields.
Farming is often at subsistence level - only enough for your family and not enough to sell.
Desertification and soil erosion makes farming difficult.
Poor harvests may lead to malnutrition and famine.

Question 6

What are HIC, LIC and NEEs?

Answer 6

HIC - A country with a GNI (gross national income) higher than $12,746 eg: Japan, UK, USA
LIC - A country with a GNI (gross national income) lower than $1045 eg: Chad, Tanzania, Mali
NEE - Countries that have begun to experience high rates of economic development, usually along with rapid industrialisation. Eg: Brazil, China, Mexico.

Question 7

What is BRICS and MINT?

Answer 7

BRICS - Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa

MINT - Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey

Question 8

What is GNI?

Answer 8

Gross National Income - a measurement of economic activity - the total value of goods and services produced by a country plus money earned from and paid to other countries.

Question 9

What is purchasing power parity?

Answer 9

The theory that price levels in different countries should be the same when stated in a common currency.
An adjustment made to the GNI to account for differences among countries in the cost of goods

Question 10

What 4 factors affect Urbanisation?

Answer 10

Migration
Location
Economic Development
Natural Increase

Question 11

How does migration affect Urbanisation?(4)

Answer 11

Rural to Urban Migration is the main driver of Urbanisation.
Migration is higher in LICs.
Most migrants are young and willing to work.
Migration can be forced, voluntary, permanent, temporary, international or regional.
Eg: Ethiopia - famine in the 1980s lead to economic attraction to Sao Paolo
Ukraine - war with Russia, seek safety and economic aid in neighbouring countries.

Question 12

How does Location affect Urbanisation?(3)

Answer 12

A lot of todays biggest cities are ports which have good trade links.
Historically, cities have grown on rivers coasts and other busy transport routes.
Trade thrives on successful transport routes.
Eg: Shanghai - lies on the Huangpu river, gives good international and domestic connections.

Question 13

How does Economic Development affect Urbanisation?(4)

Answer 13

Due to trade, cities are able to grow economically.
Economic growth creates jobs which attract people.
People bring the ideas and business initiative to make the city areas more successful
Cities that trade are also a good place for businesses.

Question 14

How does Natural Increase affect Urbanisation?(3)

Answer 14

Natural Increase - where the birth rate is higher than the death rate.
Life expectancy is higher in urban areas than rural areas.
Cities see natural increase due to better access to medical carfe, improved water supplies, sanitary conditions and wealth to spend on food.
Younger people in urban areas can cause the population to naturally increase.
Eg: Niger has one of the world’s highest rates of natural increase, Germany has one of the lowest.

Question 15

Where is Mumbai located?

Answer 15

Mumbai is located along the West Coast of India and is part of Maharashtra .
It is part of western Maharashtra.
It’s coast line is the Arabian Sea.
India is located between the Tropic of Cancer and Equator, North of the Indian Ocean and in South Asia.

Question 16

Description of Mumbai(7)

Answer 16

India’s most populated city - 20.9 mil in 2022
India’s busiest port - 40% of India’s foreign trade passes through Mumbai’s ports.
Mumbai is home to the Bombay stock exchange, several transnational companies and it is India’s financial and commercial capital - it is India’s richest city.
Mumbai has many slums(with a population of 8.2mil in 2001) surrounding it, the largest of which is Dharavi.
Mumbai accounts for 6% of India’s GDP and 25% of industrial production.
29th largest city by GDP
Mumbai shipped 120mil tons of products in 2013-2014 whereas Chennai shipped 50mil tons of products.

Question 17

What is a Slum?

Answer 17

A slum is a highly populated urban residential area consisting mostly of closely packed resourcefully constructed housing units in a situation of incomplete/unreliable infrastructure, inhabited primarily by impoverished people.

Question 18

What 5 opportunities for growth are there in Mumbai?

Answer 18

Cheap wages
High unemployment
Easily accessible
Physical Location
Relaxed environmental laws

Question 19

How do cheap wages provide opportunities for growth in Mumbai?

Answer 19

Relative to the surrounding countries in Asia, India has a low annual minimum wage.
This means that a transnational corporation will be able to hire more workers for less money in India which will boost the economy and create factories
Eg:
Annual minimum wage in USD
India - 689 - 740
China 2472 - 3337.20
Vietnam - 1296 -1581.10
Malaysia - 3107 - 3534.20

Question 20

How does high employment provide opportunities for growth in Mumbai?

Answer 20

Those with the best qualifications are without a job in Mumbai.
Companies are wanting to take advantage of these skilled workers.
eg: 18.3% of women with diplomas are unemployed.

Question 21

How does Mumbai’s physical location provide opportunities for growth in Mumbai?

Answer 21

Mumbai has 150km of coastline
Transporting goods to the west is made easier by this.
Mumbai is the first major city that western ships reach in India.

Question 22

How do relaxed environmental laws provide opportunities for growth in Mumbai?

Answer 22

Maharashtra allowed e-commerce companies 3 months to find non single use plastic packaging after imposing a ban. This was due to intense lobbying by multiple TNCs which allowed them to create a buyback plan to collect plastic packaging, ensure its recycling and disposal and source alternative packaging.

Question 23

How does Mumbai’s easy accessibility provide opportunities for growth in Mumbai?

Answer 23

Mumbai has two airports.
International airport handled around 44mil passengers for domestic and international.
The airports current capacity is 55 million but airside constraints mean the airport can’t handle any more than 48mil.

Question 24

What is the informal economy?

Answer 24

The Informal Economy comprises of work being done without the official knowledge of the government and therefore without paying taxes.
It is more common in LICs.

Question 25

What job opportunities are there in Dharavi?(6)

Answer 25

Urban poor provide a massive labour force that keeps the city running in the formal and informal sectors.
Dharavi’s estimated total turnover is 550-600mil USD
Estimated 16,000 single room factories employing 250,000 people - 300 of which feed most of Mumbai.
People, including children, work in poor conditions.
Dharavi products end up around the world due to the cheap labour.
Single room industries include pottery, textile, soap making, bakeries, butchers and large recycling industries.

Question 26

What are the positives of the Dharavi slum?(8)

Answer 26

You can buy anything you need - informal shopping.
Mosques for religious needs.
Provides cheap housing - rent is low
Family life dominates - there can be 5 people per room.
Many daily chores are done in social spheres because of the closeness.
85% of people have a job in the slum and work locally - some become millionaires.
The Pottery area has a community centre that was established 70 years ago - the central social square has a village feel.
Buildings have different heights and colours which adds interest and diversity

Question 27

Description of Dharavi(12)

Answer 27

Dharavi is Mumbai’s largest slum and is home to 0.6-1million people.
It has many single room factories (16,000) which produce many products.
It has a high employment of 85%.
Newcomers settle on the outside of the slum.
The buildings become more and more permanent as you reach the centre.
People feel happy and like a part of the community and are welcoming.
The streets have sewage, excretion, chemicals but people aren’t afraid.
It is impossible to navigate as an outsider.
500 people share a single toilet.
High levels of Tuberculosis and typhoid.
95% had lower access to water than the WHO’s recommended minimum
Standpipes come on for 2 hours at 5:30am to ration water
Dharavi is on low lying land

Question 28

Recycling in Dharavi

Answer 28

Positives: 80% of plastic waste is recycled
You can make up to £400 a month
The plastic is processed and stopped from going into landfill
Cosmetics, plastics and computers are recycled
Negatives: Workers only get paid £1 per day
Workers have to sift through the waste by hand.
Workers don’t have protective clothing,
Workers work in the hot sun in appalling conditions,
There are toxic substances,
The Workers life expectancy may be reduced.

Question 29

Crime in Mumbai

Answer 29

The amount of small crimes has gone down but the number of more serious crimes has gone up.
For example, in Dharavi there were
550 thefts in 2017 - 520 thefts in 2018
110 cases of murder in 2017 - 140 cases of murder in 2018
In response to this, the Mumbai police have increased the number of CCTV cameras and created the police Didi program which teaches kids about social media harassment.

Question 30

What social opportunities for housing are there in Mumbai?

Answer 30

The government tried to create affordable housing for 11 lakh so that people would be able to buy them but it failed. The opportunity is that another project like this could succeed in providing affordable housing.
There is some affordable housing at $31500
Many poorer people feel as though they are part of a tightly knit community as they know everyone in their local area.

Question 31

What social opportunities for healthcare are there in Mumbai?

Answer 31

Medical facilities are predominately located in urban areas and specialised hospitals are only located in urban areas so it is better to live there. This also means you could create hospitals in more slum like areas.
Mortality rate for birth is 40% in rural and 22% in urban areas.
Infant mortality rate is 61% in rural and 37% in urban areas

Question 32

What social opportunities for education are there in Mumbai?

Answer 32

NGOs create makeshift schools capable of teaching 250 local children in urban areas.
The literacy rate for boys in urban areas was 11% higher than rural boys.
The literacy rate for girls in urban areas was 22% higher at 79.1% whereas the rate is 57.9% in rural areas

Question 33

What social challenges for housing are there in Mumbai?

Answer 33

Many people are unable to afford properties in Mumbai because they do not make enough money. The only way those like this can buy is for them to live with other families or live on the outskirts of the city.
15.8% of homeless children said it was because they were getting a job or pursuing a dream.
43.7% of homeless children said it was because they went to the streets with their family.
Mumbai has a significantly higher percentage of its people living in slums than Delhi - Mumbai 52.5% not slum, 47.5% slum - Delhi 80% not slum, 20% slum

Question 34

What social challenges for healthcare are there in Mumbai?

Answer 34

Because of India’s population boom, there is much more young people and kids but the same number of doctors. This means that there isn’t enough doctors to care for all of the patients.
Bad living conditions promotes healthcare challenges because it increases the chances of disease and illness.
The majority of those with healthcare arrangements have government sponsored arrangements.

Question 35

What social challenges for education are there in Mumbai?

Answer 35

Because of India’s population boom there is much more kids but there isn’t enough teachers to teach them all.
The attendance rate of India’s richest 20% IS 95.7% whereas the bottom 20% is 69.4%
Because many families don’t have enough money, children are often taken out of schools so they can work and provide for their family. This is more prominent in rural areas and with farmers.

Question 36

What social challenges for education are there in Mumbai?

Answer 36

Because of India’s population boom there is much more kids but there isn’t enough teachers to teach them all.
The attendance rate of India’s richest 20% IS 95.7% whereas the bottom 20% is 69.4%
Because many families don’t have enough money, children are often taken out of schools so they can work and provide for their family. This is more prominent in rural areas and with farmers.