geography test - theme 1 Flashcards
define overpopulation
when the number of people is greater than the amount of resources and technology to maintain an adequate standard of living for the population
define underpopulation
when the number of people living in an area is less than is needed to make a full use of the resources available
some consequences of overpopulation are
- not enough housing
- water and air pollution
- shortage of food and water
- high crime rates
- not enough health care and education
- lack of employment
- poverty
some consequences of underpopulation are
- shortage of workers
- low levels of production
- high taxes
- resources underused
- lack of government income
- small markets for goods and services
- low value of exports
define natural population
natural population is the change between the birth rates and death rates
define birthrate
birthrates are the number of births per 1000 people per year
define deathrates
deathrates are the number of deaths per 1000 people per year
define net migration
the average number of people moving into the country minus those moving out of the country
what is a demographic transition model
the model of the way that population growth can be divided into four stages as birth and death rates change over time
falling birthrates are caused by
- availability for contraception
- more women are busy to go to work
- girls are educated to marry later
- more family planning
- reduction of infant mortality
- less need for children as a labour source
falling death rates are caused by
- improvement in healthcare facilities
- increased availability of medicines and doctors
- more and better quality food available
- improvement in water supplies
- improvement in sanitation and hygiene
- reduction in wars and conflicts
define migrants
migrants are people who move from one place to another in order to live or work.
define imigrants
people moving into a country
define emigrant
people moving out of the country
define asylum seeker
a person who leaves their country of origin in fear of persecution, they have asked for permission to stay in another country, and are waiting a decision on this
define refugee
a person who leaves their country of origin in fear of their lives. they often do not know where they will end up and with no permission to stay in another country
define illegal immigrant
a person who enters the country to live and work there without permission
define economic immigrant
a person moves and lives in a different country in order to work
define internal immigrant
a person who moves to live or work in a different place within the same country
what are some of the push factors from rural area
small farms, no electricity, low paid jobs, lack of healthcare
what are some of the pull factors to urban areas
high paid jobs, more electricity, healthcare, education
what are some positive impacts of origin
- can send money home to family
- more resources left behind for other people
- learn new skills which maybe used if the migrant returns home
what are some negative impacts of origin
- loss of contact of their families and friends
- away from home for a long period of time
what are some positive impacts of the destination
- chance to obtain work
- chance to save more money
- chance of better quality of life
- chance of a better living standard
what are some negative impacts of the destination
- may be low paid work
- may be racial and cultural problems
- may struggle with the language
- may be exploited for long hours and poor working conditions
- hard to get housing
what does the population pyramid give
information about the three groups of people
what is a census
how many people there are in the world
for who is the population pyramid useful for
demographers
what are the groups of people on the population pyramid
- the young dependants ( age of 0 to 14)
- the workforce ( 15 to 64)
- the elderly dependants ( 65upwards)
define population distribution
the pattern of where people live
define linear settlements
the settlement of where people along a road or river
define population density
population density describes the average number of people living in a given area
define dispersed settlement
farms, or isolated buildings that are scattered across the countryside and are surrounded by farmland
define nucleated settlement
made up of a cluster of buildings, usually around a central point, such as crossroads or bridge over a river
what is settlement hierarchy
shows how settlements in any area can be put in order based on their size or services that they provide
what is CBD
central business district
what are some urban problems
- pollution ( air, water, noise)
- inequality
- lack of housing
- urban sprawl
- traffic congestion
define urbanisation
urbanisation is the increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities.
define rural depopulation
due to the pull factors to attract people to the urban areas, the rural population decreases
define counter urbanisation
when people move to the rural areas from the urban areas
