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Geography Test 2 > Geography Test 2 > Flashcards

Geography Test 2 Flashcards

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0
Q

Era

A

Long period of history

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1
Q

What is the age of earth?

A

4.5 billion years old

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2
Q

Period

A

Length or portion of time

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3
Q

Epoch

A

Period of time that are marked with events in your life

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4
Q

Mineral

A

Natural inorganic substance that has a definite chemical composition and characteristic

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5
Q

Rock

A

Solid minerals forming part of the surface of the earth and simple planets, exposed of the surface or underlying the soil or oceans

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6
Q

Igneous rocks

A

Formed by the cooling and solidification of molten rock

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7
Q

Intrusive igneous rock

A

Are formed below ground level by solidification of magma

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8
Q

Extrusive igneous rock

A

Created above ground level by solidification of the lava

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9
Q

Sedimentary rocks

A

Composed of particles of gravel, sand , slit, and clay that were eroded from already existing rocks

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10
Q

Metamorphic rocks

A

Formed from igneous and sedimentary rocks by earth forces that generate heat , pressure, or chemical reaction “changed in shape”

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11
Q

Plate tectonic theory

A

That the earth’s crust consists of lithospheric plates that carry the continents and the ocean floor and that slowly on the plastic upper mantle, colliding with and scrapping again one another

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12
Q

Atmosphere

A

Above the earths interior is a partially molten layer

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13
Q

Lithosphere

A

Thin but strong solid shell of rocks

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14
Q

Fault

A

Break in the rock produced by stress or the movement of the lithospheric plates

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15
Q

Transform fault

A

A break in rocks that occur when one lithospheric plates slip past another in a horizontal motion

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16
Q

Subduction

A

The process by which one lithospheric plate is forced down beneath another into the asthenosphere as a result of a collision with that plate

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17
Q

Tsunami

A

Sea waves generated when an earthquake , eruption or underwater landslide abruptly moves the seabed , jolting the waters above

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18
Q

Earthquake

A

Movement of the earth along a geologic fault or at other points of weakness at or near earths surface

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19
Q

Continental drift

A

All land masses were once United in one supercontinent, over many years they broke apart

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20
Q

Pangaea

A

All earth

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21
Q

Sea floor spreading

A

process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge.

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22
Q

Ridge

A

a long narrow hilltop, mountain range, or watershed.

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23
Q

Trenches

A

type of excavation or depression in the ground that is generally deeper than it is wide, and narrow compared to its length.

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24
Q

Crust

A

the crust is the outermost solid shell of a rocky planet or natural satellite, which is chemically distinct from the underlying mantle

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25
Q

San Andreas fault

A

continental transform fault that extends roughly 810 miles through California. It forms the tectonic boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate, and its motion is right-lateral strike-slip.

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26
Q

Broad warping

A

Great tectonic forces resulting from the movement of continents may bow an entire continent

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27
Q

Folding

A

Compressional pressure caused by plate movements is great, layers of the rock are forced to buckle

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28
Q

Faulting

A

Break or fracture in rock along which movements has taken place

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29
Q

Uplifting

A

vertical elevation of the Earth’s surface in response to natural causes.

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30
Q

Volcanism builds landforms

A

Help shape the land form and build up the soil

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31
Q

Gradations like processes

A

Processes of weathering , gravity transfer and erosion that are responsible for the reduction of the land surface

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32
Q

Mechanical weathering

A

Physical disintegration of earth materials , commonly by frost action , root action or the the development of salt crystals

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33
Q

Chemical weathering

A

Decomposition of earth materials because of chemical reactions that include oxidation, hydration and carbonation

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34
Q

Mass wasting

A

Downslope movement of earth materials due to gravity

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35
Q

Erosion

A

Results of processes that loosen dissolve , wear away and remove earth and rock material

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36
Q

Weathering

A

Changing the appearance or texture by exposure to the air

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37
Q

Agents

A

Wind , water , glaciers

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38
Q

Floodplain

A

Valley area bordering a stream that is subject to inundation by flooding

39
Q

Alluvium

A

Sediment carried by a stream and deposited in a floodplain or delta

40
Q

Karst topography

A

Large limestone region marked by sinkholes, careens, and underground streams

East central Florida

41
Q

Glaciers influence the world by:

A

When they melt or freeze they will move things

42
Q

Carolina bay

A

elliptical depressions concentrated along the Atlantic seaboard within coastal Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Georgia, and northcentral Florida.

43
Q

Weather

A

Refers to the atmospheric at a given time and place (windy)

44
Q

Climate

A

Long term average weather conditions in a place or region (20 degrees F)

45
Q

Troposphere

A

Layer closest to the earth

46
Q

What object most directly heats our troposphere?

A

The sun warms the earths surface then heats troposphere

47
Q

Insolation

A

Solar radiation received at the earths surface

48
Q

Reflection

A

Process of returning to outer spaces some of earths received insolation

49
Q

Re-radiation

A

Process by which the earth returns solar energy to space

50
Q

The green house effect

A

Heating of he earths surface as shortwave solar energy passes through atmosphere

51
Q

Convection

A

Circulatory movement of rising warm air and descending cool air

52
Q

Why do we experience changing seasons?

A

The earth is tilted at a 23 degree angle and spinning

53
Q

Summer solstice

A

June 21st

54
Q

Winter solstice

A

December 21st

55
Q

Autumnal equinox

A

September 23rd

56
Q

Spring equinox

A

March 20th

57
Q

How is latitudinal position a control of the climate of a given area?

A

More of the sun come in at angle

58
Q

Why is it that higher latitudes are cooler than lower latitudes

A

Higher latitudes climates also have greater annual temperature range than the low latitudes

59
Q

How do the different characteristics of land surfaces and water surfaces affect the climate of any given area ?

A

Land heats up faster and obtains a higher degree of temperature and the water bodies

60
Q

What is the temperature lapse rate of the atmosphere?

A

6.4 degree c per 1000 meters

61
Q

Inversion

A

Condition caused by rapid reradiation in which air at lower altitudes is cooler than air aloft

62
Q

Air pressure

A

The weight of the atmosphere as measured at a point on the earths surface

63
Q

Can you feel it? How is it measured?

A

No and barometer

64
Q

Equatorial low

A

Cause air to rise

65
Q

Subtropical high

A

Sinking of conventional cells initiated at the equatorial low

66
Q

Subpolar low

A

Pressure decreases until about 65 degree latitude

67
Q

Polar high

A

High pressure

68
Q

Polar easterlies

A

As these winds are deflected to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern

69
Q

Westerlies

A

Winds of the upper-middle latitudes

70
Q

Trade winds

A

Winds blowing from the highs towards the equator

71
Q

What do jet streams have on our weather?

A

Huge influence on climate , push air masses around and effect weather patterns

72
Q

Monsoons

A

Wind system that reverses direction seasonally producing wet and dry season ;especially describes the wind system of south , southeast , and easy Asia

73
Q

Relative humidity

A

Measure of the moisture content of the air (amount of water vapor)

74
Q

Dew point

A

Temperature at which condensation forms, air cooled sufficiently

75
Q

Saturated air

A

Moist air in a state of equilibrium with a plane surface of pure water or ice at the same temperature and pressure; that is, air whose vapor pressure is the saturation vapor pressure and whose relative humidity is 100.

76
Q

Condensation nuclei

A

:a small particle (as of dust) upon which water vapor condenses in the atmosphere

77
Q

Condensation level

A

eight at which the relative humidity (RH) of an air parcel will reach 100% when it is cooled by dry adiabatic lifting.

78
Q

Cumulus

A

Low to the ground kind of fluffy

79
Q

Stratus

A

Low to the ground and flat (strait form)

80
Q

Cirrus

A

Very high in the stay and wispy like

81
Q

Cumulonimbus

A

Vertically developed and middle of the sky

82
Q

Conventional precipitation

A

Results from rising , heated , moisture -laden air

83
Q

Cyclonic/frontal precipitation

A

Cooling and warm air masses meet

84
Q

Orographic precipitation

A

Warm air is forced to rise because hills or mountains block moisture laden-winds

85
Q

Air mass

A

Large body of air little horizontal variation in temperature, pressure and , humidity

Northern Canada, north central part of Russia

86
Q

Cyclone

A

Large system of air circulation centered on a region of low atmospheric pressure

87
Q

Hurricane

A

Low pressure zone over warm waters

88
Q

Tornado

A

a mobile, destructive vortex of violently rotating winds having the appearance of a funnel-shaped cloud and advancing beneath a large storm system.

89
Q

Blizzard

A

a severe snowstorm with high winds and low visibility.

90
Q

El Niño

A

an irregularly occurring and complex series of climatic changes affecting the equatorial Pacific region and beyond every few years, characterized by the appearance of unusually warm, nutrient-poor water off northern Peru and Ecuador, typically in late December.

91
Q

Climagraph

A

A bar and line graph used to depict average monthly temperature and pressure

92
Q

Coriolis effect

A

Fictitious force used to describe motion relative to a rotating earth

93
Q

Cyclonic precipitation

A

The rain or snow that is produced when moist air of one air mass is forced to ride over the edge of another air mass

94
Q

Frictional effect

A

In climatology the slowing of wind movement due to the frictional drag of the earths surface

95
Q

Front

A

The line or zone of separation between 2 air masses of different temperatures and humidities

96
Q

Global warning

A

A rise in surface temperature on earth , a process believed by some to be caused by human activities that increase the concentration of green house gases in the atmosphere, magnifying the green house effect

Geography Test 2 (2 decks)

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