Geography, statistics and facts, case studies, key definitions

Question 1

Birth rate, death rate, what is HDI

Answer 1

The number of live deaths per thousand per year. The number of deaths per thousand per year. Human Development Index- (health, education, money)- made of life expectancy, literacy rate, GNI

Question 2

UK and link to the wider world

Answer 2

Culture –> television exports worth £1.48 billion.
Electronic communication–> new arctic fibre project
European union- Uk joined 1973, left 2016,
Commonwealth- group of 54 nations, human rights, sustainability, social and economic development, trading like, immigrants

Question 3

Effects of uneven development:

Answer 3

Wealth: UK has a GNI 40x higher than in chad.
Health: 1/3 deaths due to disease in LICs, chronic illnesses in HICs, 4 in 10 deaths in children under 15 in LICs
Migration: middleeast refugee crisis: 2011, 80% live below the poverty line in Syria, overcramped shelters

Question 4

Reducing the development gap

Answer 4

investment: china spent $200 million on building the Africcan Union Headquarters
Industrial development: proton cars in Malaysia, development of oil, gas rubber
Aid: Oxfam goat aid in Africa
Toursim: Jamaica, beings $2 billion a year
Intermediate technology: Ethopia, machinery to make fruit trees, resevoir
Free trade:50% of cocoa beans come from Cote de i’vore and Ghana, no tarrids on these
Fair trade:Ugandan farmers earn extra income from Fairtrade Premium
Debt relief:IMF cancelled 19 debts in 2006.
Microfinance technology: Grameen Bank Bangladesh gave $200 for phones.

Question 5

Jamaica tourism

Answer 5

Caribbean sea, 3rd largest island in Caribbean. HDI- 0.734, infant mortality 14
Tourism accounts to 35% of Jamaica’s GDP.
brings $2 billion per annum. Montego bay, Great Huts resort- ecotourism

Question 6

Economic change in the UK

Answer 6

now a post industrial economy- development of jobs so they are more finance, services and research based.
primary- 75% in 1800 to 2% 2006
mainly tertiary now

Question 7

Uk effect of deindustrialisation, globalisation and government policies.

Answer 7

deindustrialisation: honda factories use swindon robots to paint cars.
Globalisation: M&S products sent from Portugal to the UK by lorry.
Government policies: before 1979, state run industries, outdated equipment, strikes, after 1979, sold to private shareholders, and private companies bought modern finance centres. e.g. British PLC sold and money spent on London crossrail.

Question 8

development of information technology, service and finance industries and research

Answer 8

information technology- 1.3 billion employed in the IT sector
Service and finance industries. service industries account to 79% of UK employment
research- arctic research, NHS, BBC, science and business parks.

Question 9

Science and business parks

Answer 9

Southhampton science park. MAC Ltd in radio communications, Maverick Aviation, near uni, near to M3, green spaces, health club

Cobalt business park: siemens, santander, near to A1 & international airport. Largest in the UK

Question 10

Torr quarry

Answer 10

limestone quarry, employs over 100, contributes £15 million, resored into nature reserve, wildlife lakes, limeston features, monitoring of noise, water pollution, rail tranport, deepend instead of widened.

Question 11

Changes to rural landscape (changing populations)

Answer 11

South cambridgeshire:
growing population, house prices and petrol prices increase, local economy does not benefit from commuters, 80% car ownership, gentrification.
Outer hebrides: declining population, school closures, youth move away due to lack of jobs, larger dependency ratio, decline in fishing. infrastructure not able to support tourism which bring £65 million to local economy.

Question 12

North and South divide.

Answer 12

London- 3.1% economic growth
North east- 0.5% economic growht.
low income child in london 3X more likely to go to uni than in hartlepool.
life expectancy in blackppoool is 7-8 years lower

Question 13

Reducing north and south divide by transport improvements.

Answer 13

Road- £15 billion road strategy, A30 cornwall project, widening fo A303 super highway, maintencance of bridges + additional lanes.
Railway improvements: london crossrail used by 200 million passengers. HS2 high speed rail line from manchester to london.
Leeds £ 200 million tram/transit system
Ports: liverpool 2 - container terminal, decreases freight trafic, 5000 jobs,
Airport: brings £22 billion to UK GDP, brings 1 million jobs,
Northern powerhouse rail project: 74000 jobs,

Question 14

enterpise zones

Answer 14

enterprise zones: establishes new businesses, superfast broadband, financial support for machinery, planning regulations.
local enterprise partnerships: encourages investment, lancashire, investment in manufacturing and energy HQ. blackburn improvements to traffic.

Question 15

nigeria importance and location

Answer 15

west Africa, population of 213 million, makes up 18.5% of African population, 20% in poverty, life expectancy of 54, 60% nigerians live on less than $1 a day. northern hemisphere.international importance: commonwealth, 15th largest oil producer in the world, media, telecoms
national importance; largest farm output, around 30% employed in agriculture, highest gDp in Africa.

Question 16

Nigeria context (social, cultural, political, environmental, wider politics/world)

Answer 16

wider politics: OPEC- stablisies price of oil, ensures regular oil output. WTO- world trade organisation, part of African Union- economic planning, troops
Social: Yorubo and Igbo ethnic groups, tensions between ethnicities and surrounding economic equality, rise of groups like islamic fundamentalists.
Cultural: Nollywood, Afrobeat music, Won africa cup of nations 3 times
Political: civil war, only gained independence in 1960, unstable government, corruption, dictatosrhips, now they have more investments from china
Envrionment: north nigeria is a semi-desert, graxing animals, growing cotton.
Jos-plateau, woodlands, wetter & cooler
South of Nigeria is tropical rainforest, tsetse fly is lethal to cattle here.

Question 17

Nigeria changing industry and economy

Answer 17

GDP growth= 10% to 160% 2000-2011
decrease in agriculture 58%-27%
more than 50% in secondary and tertairy sectors.
Trading links with India, USA, China, EU

Question 18

Nigeria effect of manufacturing

Answer 18

10% of Nigerians employed in oil industry.
oil accounts to 90% of export revenues.
Foreign investment. China donated $ 1 billion for railways.
Nigerian oil fields attract TNCs like Shell and PetroChina Corporation

Question 19

Shell in Nigeria

Answer 19

employs 65000 in Nger delta, attracts investment, pay tax, sustainable extraction . Shell paid $20 billion in corporation tax in 2013. $12 billion spent in LICs.
12+ hours, sweathshops, crimes against the Ogoni people, child labour.

Question 20

International aid

Answer 20

Nets for life
HIV programme in UK
Support from NGOs and charities, corruption in government.

Question 21

Effects of industrial development onthe environment

Answer 21

5000 industrial plants.

Question 22

Nigeria quality of life

Answer 22

improved lilfe expectancy 47-54 in 9 years. more secondary school enrollments. Highest HDI improvements, infant mortality decline, internet users 0%-75%

Question 23

Physical landscapes types of rock.

Answer 23

Sedimentary: South downs
Metamorphic: Scotland, Lake district
Igneous: Dartmoor, Devon and Scotland

Question 24

River Severn

Answer 24

Longest river in the UK. 220 miles, travels from welsh cambiran mountains to the Bristol hennel forms a physical border between Wales and England. Break its neack waterfall in Wales and meanders in Gloucestershire, esturay over 5 miles wide.

Question 25

Banbury flood scheme

Answer 25

Floodplain of River Cherwell, 50km north of Oxford, damaged property worth £12.5 million, 150 business and homes destroyed, closure of transport.
2012 flood scheme, flow control structures, 4.5 m high, earth embankments parallel to M40, 2.9 km, raised A361, storage area, biodiversity action plan. cost of scheme = £18.5 million using donated money from Environment agency. protects 41 houses. benefits worth £100 million. 100 000 tonnes earth removed.

Question 26

The living world biomes

Answer 26

Mediterranean: 40-45 N
Tundra- antarctic/arctic: 66 N & S, temps below -50
Temperate grassland: 30-40 N & S
Tropical grassland: 15-30 N & S
Desert: 30 N & S
Tropical rainforests: equator

Question 27

Attenborough ponds

Answer 27

Richmond park, high nurtrientand turbidity levels, freshwater habitat, great crested newts, impoverished macrophytic and inverterbate communities, non-nativ plants outtcompete native species, silt and debris, bank erosion due to human activity.

Question 28

layers of rainforest and its value

Answer 28

shrubs, under canopoy, continous canopy, emergents, evotranspiration responsible for 15% for the atmosphere’s water vapour natives. biodiversity hotspot with over 15000 plants, 3rd largest island, all year round growing season, economic revenues, clean water supplies, medicines, 25% drug come from rainforest plants, trousim, sustainability, tourism

Question 29

Borneo deforestation

Answer 29

31% lost in the last 40 years.
Subsistence farming- slash and burn
Commercial farming-> palm oil brings $8 billion to Indonesia and provides 85% of global supply.
Logging- due to logging and clearance of land, 50% of the rainforest has been destroyed,

Question 30

Sustainably managing rainforests

Answer 30

conservation and education: conservation international and Givudan marketing Tonka beans.
International agreements. forest stewardship council
ecotourism: costa rica

Question 31

Cold envrionments

Answer 31

sub 0 tmperatures, contionus permafrost coasts. polar (-50–10) and tundra has milder summers, net primary production, infertile soil

Question 31

Alaska opportunities:

Answer 31

90N, NW of US, bordering canada.
fishing industry–> 8000 jobs, subsitence vs commercial. In arctic Yukon region, westward, southeast, inuits rely on food
Mineral extraction: Prudhoe Bay oil field , makes up 14% of US energy supply, trans alaskan pipeline thickly insulated doesn’t harm caribou migration routes. 90% taxes to Alaska comes from oil and gas industries.
Energy: 50 hydroelectric plants, blue sitka lake on glaciated valleys. geothermal Chena Hot Springs.
Tourism= 1-2 million summer tourists, whale watching, skiing

Question 31

Port Au Prince Haiti earthquake, Jan 2010

Answer 31

GDP= $11.9 billion, 7.0 magnitude, conservative margin between caribbean and North American plates. 6 million below poverty line
.effects: 230 000 deaths, 4000 school destroyed, airport tower collapsed. UN peacekeepers brought contaminated water supplies.171000 cases of cholera, 1.3 million homeless. 2 million with no water or food.
responses: damaged port so aid was slow to arrive. USA rescue teams and 10000 troops, EU and USA supplied 1 million tarpaulin shelters and gave $400 million aid., lack of promised funds, poverty, 1 million still in shelters a year later, World Bank cancelled debt for 5 years, UN government schemes providing grants for construction schemes.

Question 31

Alaska issues

Answer 31

inaccessibility: solifluctiton, thermokarst, frost heave, permafrost
building and infrastructure: urban heat island effect, subside, piles, gravel pads. 800 miles trans alaskan pipeline suspension bridges, zigzags, pumping stations, stilts. risk of oil spills - Exxon Valdez Oil spill 1989 , 250000 sea birds died, tourism spending decreased by 8%, damage to commercial fishing, ANWR (Arctic National Wildlife Refuge) contain 6-16 billion barrels of oil

Question 32

Alaska managment strategies sustainable

Answer 32

Conservation groups: WWF, helps ecosystems in the beaufort sea.
International agreements: antarctic treaty signed by 12 countries, controls tourism. use of technology- trans alaska pipeline. role of governments:protects 9 million ha of Western Arctic Reserve (WAR) . NEPA (national envriomental policy act) extraction companies protect environment and natives rights.

Question 32

benefits to living in Iceland, why do people make themselves vulnerable

Answer 32

eruption every 5 years. 2 million tourists in 2019 ( waterfalls, volcanoes and glaciers), fertile soils, heating from geothermal energy and hot water used to heat 90% of buildings. geothermal energy generaates 27% of electricity, rocks used for construction.

Question 32

Sendai Japan 2011

Answer 32

GDP= $6.2 trillion, location on the ring of fire. 9.0 magnitude between Pacific and eurasian plates, tsunami at 800km/h, buildings with shock absorbers, earthquake survival kit, 180 seismic stations across Japan.
Effects: 15900 deaths, 330000 building damaged, 300 hospital damaged, no electricity, cost of $235 billion, tsunami 40m tall broke sea walls, 7 nuclear reactors meltdown, raliway and transport damaged, rural areas isolated.
Reponses: predicted where tsunami would hit, 100000 Japan self0defense force and rescue workers, sniffer dogs, US military, China, Australian, New Zealand rescue teams, 20km evacuation around Fukushima nuclear plant. Reconstruction policy council- 23 trillion yen to be spnt, airport and tohoku express repaired.

Question 32

constructive, destructive and conservative plate boundaries.

Answer 32

constructive: iceland, mid atlantic ridge
destructive: between Andes Nazca plate and the South American plate.
Conservative: Haiti

Question 32

Layers of the earth

Answer 32

Crust: continental = 70km, lighter, granite , older. oceanic= 5-8km, denser, younger, basalt
lithosphere= (crust and upper mantle) 80-100km, sold, peridotite.
Asthenosphere= denser and more mobile than lithosphere, 100-300km thick.
Mantle (1000-3700)
upper mantle: mostly solid
lower mantle: hotter, denser, higher pressure
outer core: liquid iron and nickel (4500-5500)
inner core: solid ball of iron and nickel, dense (6000)

Question 32

Weather Hazards in the UK

Answer 32

Thunderstorms: South of Britain and Midlands August 2020, 35000 lightning strikes- flash flooding, agricultural land destroyed.
prolonged rainfall: snowmelt, flooding, December 2020, very wet winter, flooding.
Drought: 2003 extreme european heatwave, 20 000 deaths.
Heavy snow and extreme cold: North of UK, beast from the east, damaged Bristol suspension bridge, remnants of hurricanes over atlantic.

Question 32

Tropical storms

Answer 32

east Asia andsouthwest pacific 5-30 N & S, oceans, temps over 27 (average temp has increased by over 1 degree over last 100 years), unstable rising air, june-nov in northern hemisphere and april-nov in southern tropics, min 50m depth of water. Saffir Simpson scale. cat 1= 74-95mph, 1-2m storm urge height, minimal damage. cat 5= .155mph storm surge >6m, catastrophic damage.

Question 33

Typhoon Haiyan

Answer 33

Vulnerability: made up of 7000 islands, sea water temps >28, 1/4 living under poverty line. low lying lands and steep hillsides, risk of landslides, coastal mangrove forest removed, deforested areas for housing
Typhoon: nov 2013, tacloban and cebu, 314km/h winds, storm surge wave of 2.3m but hit the coast at 5m. 280mm of rain.
8000 deaths, 1.9million homeless, contaminated water supplies, electricy down, farmland flooded. $13 million damage, landslides delayed aid, 5.6 mil lost jobs, dystenery outbreaks
Responses: immediate-> PAGASA (phillipenes meteorogical agency) gave warnings, evacuation of 800,000, Plan Interntional constrcted pit latrines for 100,000 to prevent disease, storm resistant houses built, tourism encouraged, UN appealed for $300 million.

Question 33

Evidence of climate change

Answer 33

Proxy data: natural recorders of daata, not as reliable (do not give exact temps)
foraminifera microfossils & oxygen isotopes in sediment and ice cores, dendrochronology (tree rings), rising sea levels and thermal expansion, risen by 19cm since 1900, seasonal changes advancing, surface air temps and ocean temps up 1 degree over past 100y recorded by satellites, weather stations, radar and ocean buoys.

Question 34

Somerset floods 2014

Answer 34

In SW of UK, borders bristol channel, wheree the river parret and river tone meet. Causes: Topography, antecedent rainfall (winter between 2013-2014 3x average rainfall, high tides, storm surges, dredging, pumping stations, changing practices in farming (grass to wheat) and weather (low pressure and position of jet stream, depressions). Villages like muchelney cut off by road. insurance prices, 600 homes flooded, A361 closed. damage of £80 million, local companies and business and tourism lost money. vegetation damaged from mud and debris, stagnant water, toxic had to be reoxygenated, unproductive infertility. warning systems, sand bags, SLMFAP (somerset levels and moors flood action 20 year plan gave money to the environment agency for: construction schemes (flood wall) additional pumping stations and irrigation pumps, regular dredging, cutting grass so no badger holes, retention ponds on farms, woodland, tidal barrage, widening of River Sowy’s chanel, embankments concrete.

Question 34

climate change periods

Answer 34

quaternary period (last 26 million years)
Pleistocence(lasted 100,000 years), ice age, permanent ice sheet on antarctica
Holocene (last 12000 years), temp rose, ice expanded and retreated, interglacial period, climate has remained relatively stanle

Question 34

Natural and human causes to climate change

Answer 34

Natural causes:
Milankovitch cycles:
eccentricity- determines glacial periods (orbit lasts 100,000 years
obliquity- axel tilt, angle of the earth, determines intensity of the seasons and climates, day and night, every 41000 years it changes
Precession: changes every 19-24000 years, repsonsible for timing of seasons, Uk vs Australia.
Sunspot cycle lasts 11 years, mauver minimum (litte ice age)
Volcanic activity: mt. Pinatubo had a 0.5 cooljng for 3 years ‘volcanic winter’
Human causes: fossil fuels accounted for 89% carbon emissions in 2018.
Agriculture: emits 30% of all greenhouse gas emissions
Deforestation: emits 20% of all greenhouse gas emissions

Question 35

impacts of climate change:

Answer 35

flooding- deaths in Spain Balencia, malaria in eastern Africa, drought in sub-saharan Africa, agriculture wheatt decrease in south asia, fishing industry decline in East Asia, temp expected to rise by 1-4 degrees by 2100, extinction in the Amazonia rainforest which may become a savannah, coral bleaching in the Great Barrier reef due to acidic water.

Question 36

Management of climate change (mitigation and adaptation)

Answer 36

alternative energy production: 2018, renewables accounted for 26% of global electricity generation, nuclear reactor at Hinkley Point, somerset.
CCS granted £4.2 million by UN gov. CO2 liquiefied and injected into impermeable rock.
Planting trees: planting 1 trillion trees would reduce 200 billion tonnes of C after 75 years
International agreement: 2016 paris agreement signed by 196 nations.
change in agricultural systems: Gambia drought resistant crops, new irrigation systems
managing water supplies: desalination- transfer from water surplus to water deficit, artificial glacier in Himalayas due to receding glaciers.
reducing risk from rising sea levels: thames barrier in london, , raised flood shelters and houses built on embankments in LICS in Bangladesh, coastal mangrove forest in Maldies, sea walls, artificial islands.