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geography ppe Flashcards

1
Q

define immediate response

A

an impact that takes place immediately after the events of a natural hazard, always to save lives or reduce further death

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2
Q

define secondary effect

A

indirect impact of a natural event on a larger timescale

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3
Q

define natural hazard

A

a natural event that threatens people and environment

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4
Q

define climate change

A

long-term change in earth’s climate

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5
Q

define a biome

A

large-scale global ecosystem

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6
Q

define deforestation

A

process of cutting down large areas of trees

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7
Q

define intermediate technology

A

technology that is suited to the needs, skills and wealth of local people and environment

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8
Q

define desertification

A

the process of land becoming less fertile and less able for crops to grow

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9
Q

define abrasion

A

the process of rocks or boulders wearing away at a river bed or cliff face like sandpaper

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10
Q

define longshore drift

A

the process of sediment being transported along the coastline

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11
Q

what is a constructive plate margin

A

where plates move apart from one another

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12
Q

what is formed at a constructive plate margin

A
  • shield volcano

- movement of plates can cause earthquakes

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13
Q

what is a destructive plate margin

A

usually involves an oceanic and continental plate moving towards each other

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14
Q

how is a composite cone volcano formed at a destructive plate margin

A
  • plate sinks into mantle to form magma
  • pressure of magma builds up beneath Earth’s surface
  • magma escapes through weaknesses in rock and forms a composite cone volcano
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15
Q

what is formed at a destructive plate margin

A
  • earthquakes

- composite cone volcano

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16
Q

what happens when two continental plates move towards each other

A

neither can sink so the land buckles upwards to fold mountains called collision margins, earthquakes can form here

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17
Q

what is a conservative plate margin

A

plates move past each other or side by side at different speeds

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18
Q

how is an earthquake formed at a conservative plate margin

A
  • as plates move friction occurs and they become stuck
  • pressure builds up because plates still trying to move
  • pressure is released and sends huge amounts of energy causing earthquake
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19
Q

why can earthquakes at a conservative plate boundary be very destructive

A

they occur close to the Earth’s surface

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20
Q

what is an earthquake

A

the sudden violent shaking of the ground

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21
Q

what is the point where the earthquake originates known as

A

the focus

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22
Q

where are seismic waves most powerful

A

the epicentre

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23
Q

difference between epicentre and focus

A

focus in the crust whereas epicentre is on surface

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24
Q

what is the machine called that measures earthquakes

A

seismometer

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25
Q

what do modern scientists use instead of Richter scales to measure earthquakes

A

Moment magnitude scale

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26
Q

how do scientists use prediction to detect earthquakes

A

involves using seismometers to measure earth tremors

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27
Q

what are some issues with prediction and earthquakes

A

experts known where they’re going to happen just not when

28
Q

what are some examples of protection against earthquakes

A
  • rubber shock absorbers in foundation to absorb Earth tremors
  • steel frames that can sway
  • open areas outside buildings where people can assemble
29
Q

how is preparation used against earthquakes

A
  • drills are used in all public buildings so that people know what to do in the event of an earthquake
  • reduces impact and increases chance of survival
30
Q

where do volcanoes form

A

when magma reaches surface and erupts to form lava

31
Q

features of a volcano

A
  • magma chamber - where molten rock is stored underground
  • main vent - channel through which magma travels to reach Earth’s surface
  • secondary vent - some magma may escape through the side of volcano, especially if main vent is blocked
  • crater - found at top of volcano where magma erupts from
32
Q

positive effects of volcanoes

A
  • geothermal energy is where heat from within the Earth is used to generate electricity
  • ash ejected used as good fertiliser
  • volcanoes attract tourists because of dramatic scenery
33
Q

negative effects of volcanoes

A
  • dangerous can kill people and damage property
  • economic activity can suffer as businesses can’t operate after eruption
  • habitats and landscape destroyed by lava
34
Q

features of composite cone volcano

A
  • viscous (sticky) lava
  • steep sides as lava doesn’t travel far
  • alternate layers of ash and lava
  • violent eruptions
  • longer periods between eruptions
35
Q

features of shield volcano

A
  • basic non-viscous lava
  • gentle sides as lava travels far
  • no layers
  • less violent eruptions
  • shorter periods between eruptions
36
Q

how do scientists measure volcanoes

A
  • seismometers used to measure earthquakes
  • tiltmeters monitor changes in landscape as volcanoes can swell
  • monitoring gases escaping using robots called Spiders
  • measuring temperature change
  • identifying patterns of activity
37
Q

why do people live near volcanoes

A
  • volcanic rock and ash provide fertile land
  • tourists are attracted to volcano
  • geothermal energy can be harnessed
  • miners are contained in lava e.g. diamonds
38
Q

what are the types of atmospheric cell

A

polar
ferrel
hadley

39
Q

what is a tropical storm

A

very powerful low-pressure weather system which results in strong winds and heavy rainfall

40
Q

features of a tropical storm

A
  • central calm eye

- large cumulonimbus clouds caused by warm moist air condensing

41
Q

how do tropical storms develop

A
  • between 5 and 30 degrees latitude move westward because of easterly winds
  • air above warm ocean is heated, when it hits 27 degrees the warm air rises quiclky causing low pressure
  • as air continues to rise it draws more moist warm air leading to strong winds
  • rising warm air spirals upwards, cools, condenses and large cumulonimbus clouds form
  • clouds form eye wall and produce heavy rainfall
  • centre of storm, cold air sinks where conditions are calm
42
Q

how does climate change make tropical storms more intense

A
  • warmer ocean surface temps and higher sea levels
  • increasing wind speeds
  • rainfall rates during storms could increase 20%
43
Q

how can people predict tropical storms

A

with computer modelling that uses satellite images, weather instruments and computer-based prediction

44
Q

what were some primary effects after Nepal earthquake

A
  • centuries-old buildings destroyed like Changu Narayan Temple
  • over 8,000 dead and 19,000 injured
  • half of schools destroyed
45
Q

what were some secondary effects after Nepal earthquake

A
  • avalanche triggered at Mount Everest killing 20 people
  • loss of tourism, major income for Nepal
  • harvest reduced or lost so people starved
46
Q

what were some immediate responses after Nepal earthquake

A
  • UK sent over 100 search and rescue responders and medical experts
  • aid workers from Red Cross helped
  • crisis mapping was used to coordinate the response
47
Q

what were some long-term responses after Nepal earthquake

A
  • government task force created to help deal with future earthquakes
  • people educated to do earthquake drills
  • UK donated £73 million to Nepal for humanitarian response
48
Q

how do human causes cause climate change

A
  • agriculture lead to release of Nitrogen Oxides into atmosphere and Methane
  • burning fossil fuels like coal, gas and oil release CO2 into the atmosphere
49
Q

how do natural causes cause climate change

A
  • orbital changes because earth has natural warming and cooling periods caused by Milankovitch cycles
  • volcanic activity, CO2 released into atmosphere
  • solar output as there can be fluctuations in amount of radiation from sun
50
Q

characteristics of hot desert climate

A
  • the climate is very hot, temps can exceed 40 degrees C, night can drop below freezing
  • very dry <250mm of rain a year
  • 2 seasons: summer 35-40 degrees and winter 20-30 degrees
51
Q

characteristics of hot desert soil

A
  • thin, sandy, rocky and generally grey in colour
  • very dry and soak up water quickly during rain
  • appears crusty as all moisture drawn to surface by evaporation and evaporates
52
Q

development opportunities in sahara desert

A
  • mining, phosphate mining in Morocco
  • energy generation - massive solar farms will be built
  • farming - channeling of water allows crops such as wheat and cotton to grow
  • tourism - many Star Wars sets filmed in sahara
53
Q

development challenges in sahara desert

A
  • extreme temperatures making hard for people to farm or mine
  • limited water supply, without water mining, farming and tourism not possible
  • inaccessibility due to poor infrastructure
54
Q

what is deposition

A

when the sea loses energy and drops the material it has been carrying

55
Q

why does deposition happen

A
  • waves starting to slow down
  • shallow water
  • sheltered areas
  • little or no wind
56
Q

coastal landforms created by erosion

A
  • headlands and bays
  • cliffs and wave-cut platforms
  • caves, arches, stacks and stumps
57
Q

coastal landforms created by deposition

A
  • beaches
  • spits
  • bars
58
Q

hard engineering strategies for coastal management

A
  • sea walls
  • rock armour
  • gabions
  • groynes
59
Q

soft engineering strategies for coastal management

A
  • beach nourishment
  • beach reprofiling
  • dune nourishment
60
Q

how is a meander formed

A

as river makes its way to middle course volume of water and energy increase, later erosion widens river and river flows over flat land develops bends called meanders

61
Q

what happens in a meander

A
  • as river goes around a bend water is pushed outside which increases speed and erosion (through hydraulic action and abrasion)
  • lateral erosion on outside causes undercutting to form river cliff
  • water on inner bend is slower causes water to deposit eroded material creating gentle slope of sand
  • this build up of sediment is slip off slope or river beach
62
Q

how is an oxbow lake formed

A
  • erosion makes the neck narrower
  • during floods, water takes shortest course across neck
  • deposition cuts off original meander forming horseshoe-shaped oxbow lake
63
Q

how does land use increase the risk of flooding a river

A
  • when an area surrounding a river is built on there is an increase in tarmac and concrete which are impermeable surfaces
  • drains and sewers take water directly to river which increases flood risk
64
Q

how do natural factors increase risk of flooding a river

A
  • relief - a steep valley is more likely to flood than a flatter one because water gets to river quicker
  • heavy rainfall - if there is havy rainfall less chance of it being soaked up by soil
  • geology - impermeable rocks increase surface run-off
65
Q

what are factors influencing lag time

A
  • size of drainage basin
  • vegetation
  • valley side steepness
  • soil type

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