Geography PPE Flashcards
What are advantages of living near tectonic hazards?
1 million people live close to Mount Edna in Italy
In wealthier countries, Effective monitoring and evacuation plans can minimise risk
Minerals from volcanic ash makes soil fertile which attracts farmers e.g soil in Mount Etna is ideal for growing grapes
They are confident that their government will support them after an earthquake e.g In 2001, the Italian government provided financial aid and tax breaks for residents when Mount Edna erupted
Volcanoes are tourist attraction, provides jobs.
What are destructive plate margins?
When two plates are moving towards each other. The oceanic plate meets the continental plate and the oceanic plate is subducted and destroyed creating gas-rich magma. E.g Nazca plate is being subducted beneath continental plate.
What are constructive plate margins?
When two plates are moving away from each other. Magma rises and fills the gap. E.g Mid-Atlantic ridge
What are conservative margins?
Where two plates are moving sideways past each other e.g San Andreas fault
How do volcanoes occur at destructive plate margins?
The denser oceanic plate moves down into the mantle and melts creating a pool of magma and rises through the cracks in the crust. The magma erupts, forming a volcano.
How can planning reduce the effects of tectonic hazards?
Future developments can avoid high-risk areas and Government can plan evacuation routes.
What are human causes of climate change?
Burning fossil fuels, CO2 is released into the atmosphere when coal, oil and gas are burnt e.g in thermal power stations or cars
Farming, Farming livestock such as cows produces methane. Rice paddies, and flooded fields also emit methane.
Deforestation, Plants remove CO2 from the atmosphere using photosynthesis, by cutting down trees they stop taking in CO2.
Cement production, Cement is made from limestone which contains carbon and releases CO2 when produced.
What are natural causes of climate change?
Orbital changes, how much solar radiation the earth recieves, more solar radiation means more warming. these changes cause glacial and interglacial cycles of quaternary period.
Volcanic activity, eruptions eject large amounts of material into the atmosphere which reflect the sun’s rays back out to space so the earth’s surface cools
Solar Output, the suns energy output is not constant because it changes in cycles of 11 years,
How have plants adapted in cold environments?
Plants become dormant (inactive) to survive the cold dark winters.
What are the challenges to development in Svalbard?
Extreme temperatures, temperatures fall below -30 degrees so risk of frostbite or hypothermia, snow and strong winds can be dangerous.
When snow thaws, roads become a slip hazard
Accessibility- Limited transport and can only be reached by plane or ship. Only one airport in Longyearbyen
Services- Difficult to get services because pipes cannot be built in frozen ground.
How can debt reduction improve sustainability of rainforests?
Countries don’t have to pay back the debt and rainforests can be conserved.
How is Nigeria a NEE?
Nigeria has the highest GDP for Africa.
Nigeria has the 7th largest population in the world.
Nigeria has the second largest film industry called Nollywood.
Over 70% of the population are farmers, so Nigeria relies predominantly on agriculture and farming.
Nigeria has contributed to military assistance and to many UN peacekeeping tours.
However, Nigeria has battled to stop its corrupt government.
Only 65% literacy rate, this is very low as only one in three children stay in school due to gender inequality.
How is a spit formed?
Spits form at sharp bends in the coastline.
Longshore drift transports sand and shingle past the bend and deposits it in the sea.
Strong winds and waves can curve the end of the spit forming a recurved end.
What are the costs of beach nourishment?
Taking material from the seabed can kill organisms like sponges and corals. It is very expensive defence and has to be repeated.
What are benefits of beach nourishment?
It creates wider beaches which slow the waves. This gives greater protection from flooding and erosion.
