Geography- population change Flashcards
What is birth rate?
the number of babies born alive per 1000 people per year.
What does exponentially mean?
This means that the rate of growth has become increasingly rapid.
By 2000 there were 10 times as many people living as there had been 300 years before in 1700.
Not only is population increasing, but the rate of increase is becoming greater.
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What is death rate?
The number of people who die per 1000 people per year.
What is natural increase?
the difference between birth and death rates in a country. It is a useful measure of a population’s growth or decline. The wider the gap between high birth rates and low death rates, the greater the size of natural increase.
What does the demographic transition model show?
how changes in birth rates and death rates affect population growth in countries at different stages of development.
Describe stage one of the demographic transition model
Both birth and death rates are high and fluctuating. Over 30 per 1000 people.
Describe stage 2 of the demographic transition model
Births rates remain high. Death rates fell rapidly to about 20 per 2000 so populations grows dramatically.
Describe stage 3 of the demographic transition model.
Birth rates fall rapidly to about 20 per 1000. Death rates only fall slightly to 15 per 1000. So population continues to grow but at a slower rate.
Describe stage 4 of the demographic transition model
Birth and death rates are low and fluctuating (10-15 per 1000)
Describe stage five of the demographic transition model.
Death rates may rise slightly so population may decrease.
Give an example of a group in stage one of the demographic transition model.
Rainforest tribes today
Give an example of a group in stage two of the demographic transition model.
LEDC (Peru, Bangledesh, Sri Lanka)
Give an example of a group in stage three of the demographic transition model.
Cuba and Brazil
Give an example of a group in stage four of the demographic transition model.
MEDC (USA, Japan)
Give an example of a group in stage five of the demographic transition model.
MEDC (mainly European countries)
What are the three major factors affecting population growth?
-Agricultural change (Improvements in technology, even at a basic level e.g. cattle drawn ploughs, improve yields and save labour. This frees some workers for industry and more rapid economic growth)
-Urbanisation (Rural-to-urban migration is common in poorer countries as cities are believed to have greater opportunities, and generally do also opportunities for children (education). Children’s labour is therefore of less value in cities than in rural areas.
-Status of women (As economies develop and education improves, opportunities for girls increase alongside those for boys. With development, a larger workforce is required, so women must participate in more paid work outside the home and therefore choose not to have children or have them at a later date. Reaching a good standard of living in a household requires two incomes.)
What does a narrow peak show on a population pyramid?
Low life expectancy
What do quickly narrowed in sides show on a population pyramid?
High infant and child morality rates
What does a wide base show on a population pyramid?
A high birth rate
What shape are LEDC’s population roughly?
Triangle with curved in sides
What shape are MEDC’s population pyramids roughly?
Rectangle, (narrow top)
What is one stage of a sex age pyramid called?
A cohort
What are the three stages of a sex age pyramid?
Young dependants
Economically active
Elderly dependants
What is a sustainable population?
one whose growth and development is at a rate that does not threaten the success of future generations.
Name 3 economic problems of a growing population
- Unemployment and under employment
- low living standereds
- high international debt
Name 3 social problems of a growing population
- overcrowding and growth of shanty towns
- rising crime
- inadequate public services
Name 2 political problems of a growing population
- terrorism between different tribes and races
- unstable government and political coups
Name 3 environmental problems of a growing population
- overgrazing and over-cultivation
- water, land and air pollution
- deforestation
What 8 factors change birth rate
- Family planning and information services
- Better education and literacy
- Later marriages
- Migration to cities
- Improved healthcare – fewer children die
- Better employment prospects
- Education and careers for women
- Incomes distributed more equally and rising living standards
What causes an ageing population?
-people are working longer and having less children and at the top end of the pyramid older people are living longer due to medical advances in medicine and knowledge.
What is the dependency ratio?
The ratio between dependants and independent populations.
What is the formula for the dependency ratio?
(%under 15) + (%over64) x 100
Over % working age
What are the negative impacts of an ageing population?
- pressure on health services (Over half of NHS budget spent on >65)
- transport and housing needs (expansive-financial pressure on UK)
- dependant on younger generation (economic generation)
- pension crisis (One option is to raise taxes paid by the working population to cover the cost of pensions or set back retirement age)
What are the positive implications of an ageing population?
- the grey pound (215 billion in 2005-they spend money in the leisure industry)
- voluntary work
- childcare
- pensioners still pay tax on income and saving
What is the UK government doing about ageing population?
- increase retirement and pension age of everyone to 68 for everyone by 2050.
- NHS restricts access of drugs for diseases of old age
- Increasing financial benefits and employment rights for pregnant women to support the birth rate.
- To offset worker shortages, help the economy to grow and get more tax the government has welcomed migrant workers
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What is a pro natal policy?
Any policy that encourage people to have children
What is migration?
The movement of people from one place to another
What does the term ‘push factor’ mean?
Push factors force or encourage people to leave a place. They are the negative aspects of a person’s home area
What does the term ‘pull factor’ mean?
Pull factors attract people to a place. They are the positive aspects of a new place.
List five examples of push factors
- unemployment
- natural disasters
- war
- poverty
- lack of services
List five examples of pull factors
- Potential for employment
- a safer atmosphere
- better service provision
- less risk of natural disasters
- fertile land
What are asylum seekers?
This is the formal application by a refugee to stay and live in a country when they arrive in that country.
What is a refugee?
A person unable or unwilling to return to their homeland for fear of persecution based on reasons of race, religion, ethnicity or political views, or those who have been displaced forcibly by other factors
What are the positive implications of migration for the migrants country of origin?
- migrants send back money to families who are still in the country of origin
- may reduce population growth and pressure on resources
- migrants may return with new skills
What are the positive implications of migration for the migrants country of destination?
- migrants bring new skills
- pay tax and contribute to economy
- willing to take jobs not wanted
- transfer of knowledge
- cultural exchange of lifestyle
What are the negative implications of migration for the migrants country of origin?
- loss of labour
- loss of skilled and knowledgable needed by the country
- family separation
What are the negative implications of migration for the migrants country of destination?
- strain on recourses for host country
- migrants tend to live in the same area which can lead to tension and discrimination.
