Geography Paper 1 - AQA Flashcards
Name an adaptation of the fennec fox and state why it helps them.
- They have large ears full of blood vessels to allow excess heat to escape
- Their fur keeps them warm
Name two causes of desertification
- Climate change
- Overcultivation
What is the food chain?
A flow of energy in an ecosystem.
What is a primary producer?
Converts sunlight into energy
What are consumers?
They feed on producers. Energy is transferred
What is a food Web?
Shows the interaction between producers and consumers within an ecosystem
Name one animal adaptation in tropical rainforestss
- Toucans: they have a long curved beak to access food that is hard to reach. Also, to break open fruits and nuts
Name two causes of deforestation
- Over population
- Mining
- Farming
Name two the two types of waves
- Destructive and Constructive
Name all the physical processes
- Weathering
- Deposition
- Erosion
- ## Transportation
Name three primary effects of tropical storm
- Buildings and bridges being destroyed, railways bring destroyed
Name two ways the risk of a tectonic hazard can be reduced
- Improving building infrastructure
- Monitoring
Name two ways why wildfires are a threat to global climate
- Increases greenhouse gas emissions
- Destruction of rainforests
State a natural factor that affects climate change
- Volcanic eruption
State on reason why the number of deaths caused by tropical storms vary
- Storm intensity
- Building infrastructure
Name two ways tropical rainforest have an environmental impact
- Biodiversity: Most insects and animals live there
- Flood prevention
Name two things that show that a coastline has been eroded.
- Cliff retreat
- Coastal flooding
- Loss of vegetation
- Exposed rock or bedrock
Name an advantage of hard engineering.
- Long lasting, doesn’t need to be repaired constantly
- Prevents coastal erosion
Name an advantage of soft engineering
- Aesthetically pleasing.
- Environmentally sustainable
Give one way rivers transport material
- Solution
- Suspension
Name and describe two characteristics of estuaries
- Rich biodiversity: highly productive ecosystems and it provides habitats for a wide range of species
- Nutrient: Rich environment: The mixing of freshwater and saltwater creates nutrient-rich waters
Name a landform created by deposition
- Sand dune
- River Delta
What is longshore drift?
The sideways movement of sediment along the coast due to the angle of wave approach.
What is a headland?
What is a headland?
Name a feature of a wave cut platform
Sea caves
How is a spit formed?
By the deposition of sand and sediment where the coastline changes direction
What type of wave is most effective at eroding the coast?
Destructive wave
Name any method of coastal management to prevent erosion
- Revetments
- Groynes
- Sea walls
What is the primary role of groynes in coastal management?
To prevent longshore drift and reduce beach erosion.
How do waves contribute to the formation of a beach?
By depositing sand and pebbles from the sea onto the shore.
What is the process of river erosion?
The breaking down and removal of material in the riverbanks and the river beds
When a river loses energy, what process will begin to take place?
Deposition
What name is given to the smaller rivers which join on to the main river?
Tributaries
Under what conditions do waterfalls form along a river?
When a band of resistant rock lies over softer, less resistant rock
Name how the cactus is adapted to the dessert
- Spines to prevent water loss
- Spines to protect itself from herbivores
How do volcanoes form at plate boundaries?
At destructive boundaries, an oceanic plate sinks under a continental plate, melts, and forms magma, which erupts as a volcano.
How do earthquakes happen?
At constructive boundaries, plates move apart, and magma rises to create volcanoes.
How do earthquakes happen at conservative boundaries?
Plates slide past each other, friction builds, and a sudden release causes an earthquake.
What are the three types of plate boundaries?
Destructive, Conservative and Constructive
How do earthquakes happen at destructive boundaries?
Plates push together, pressure builds, and a sudden release causes an earthquake.
What happens at a destructive boundary?
Plates move toward each other, causing earthquakes and volcanoes.
What happens at a constructive boundary?
Plates move apart, and volcanoes form.
What happens at a conservative boundary?
Plates slide past each other, causing earthquakes.
Why do volcanoes erupt?
Pressure builds up, magma escapes, and the volcano erupts.
Why do earthquakes occur?
Plates move, pressure releases, and the ground shakes.
What are the four types of erosion in a river?
Hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, and solution.
What are the four types of transportation in a river
Traction, saltation, suspension, and solution
What is deposition in a river?
When a river loses energy and drops the material it was carrying
Where does erosion mostly happen in a river?
In the upper course.
Where does deposition mostly happen in a river?
In the lower course.
How is a waterfall formed?
Hard rock on top, soft rock underneath erodes, creating a drop.
How is an oxbow lake formed?
A meander erodes, cutting off the bend, leaving a lake.
What are physical causes of flooding?
Heavy rain, impermeable rock, steep slopes, and snowmelt.
What are human causes of flooding?
Deforestation, urbanisation, and climate change.
What are hard engineering methods to prevent flooding?
Dams, levees, channel straightening, and embankments.
What is a floodplain?
A flat area next to a river that floods.
What are soft engineering methods to prevent flooding?
Flood warnings, floodplain zoning, planting trees, and river restoration.
What landforms is created by erosion in the upper course?
V-shaped valley
What landforms forms then erosion creates a bend in the river?
A meander
What landforms is created when the river erodes a cliff and steep slope?
A gorge
What landforms forms when a meander is cut off
An Obxbow late
What landforms forms where a river slows down and deposits material?
A delta
What landforms forms where the river slows down and deposits sediments along the sides?
A levee
What landforms forms on a river’s floodplain due to Deposition?
Floodplain deposits or alluvial flains
Why was the Jubilee Scheme created?
To reduce flooding risk in the Thames area, especially during heavy rainfall
How has the Jubilee River Scheme reduced flood risk
It diverts excess water from the Thames, reducing the flood risk to towns and villages.
What environmental impact has the Jubilee River had?
It has created new wetland habitats, supporting wildlife, and increasing biodiversity.
Name two disadvantages of the Jubilee River Scheme
- It has led to increased erosion in some areas, causing damage to riverbanks
- The river sometimes overflows or becomes too full, causing local flooding.
How does a river begin
A river begins as a small stream in the mountains or hills, often from melted snow or rain.
What is the process of erosion in river formation?
Erosion happens when water wears away rock and soil, deepening and widening the river channel
What is Weathering in river formation
Weathering breaks down rocks into smaller pieces, which are carried away by the river
How does river gather more water?
Rivers collect water from tributaries
What happens in the river’s middle course?
The river widens, deepens, and slows down, carrying more sediment and forming meanders
How do meanders form?
Erosion on the outside of curves and Deposition on the inside creates meanders in the river
How is a river’s mouth formed?
It forms when it meets the sea or lake, where sediment is deposited to create landforms like deltas
