Geography Human Notes

Question 1

how is data collected

Answer 1

1. Population data can be collected by censuses:
   -They occur every 10 years
   detailed questionaire sent to every house hold
   Last one occured in 2022 as is was postponed in 2021 due to covid
   - legal obligations to fill them out or face criminal charges
   one member of the family is designated to fill them out
   Allows the government to plan spending e.g on schools and eductaion

2.another methods include- registration…
-every birth death and marriage must be registered by law
- births must be registered by 6 weeks
- deaths must be registered by 2 weeks
- marraige must be undertaken by a government minister or a priest

3.sampling is another method as by using mini census of small samples it allows the government to spot changes of trends inbetween census.They are a lot cheaper to carry out

4. Other methods such as electoral registers can be used as they are constantly updated
   every adult in the uk has a national insurance number to monitor tax and benefits
   School rolls are monitored to check the number of students

Question 2

Problems of census collection

Answer 2

1. cost of censuses- Censuses are very expensive so therefore many developing countries cannot afford them and will choose to spend their money elsewhere on more important services e.g Healthcare and education
2. many people cannot fill out the forms..
   - High rates of illiteracy means they cannot fill them out e.g in Kenya. Government cannot afford scribes
   -Many people also cannot fill them out as their is different languages spoken e.gh India where there is sevaral. Government cannot afford translators or to print forms out in different languages
3. People move about a lot meaning they may be counted twice or missed-
   -for example the nomads tribe who are moving in search of farmland
   -High rates of migration e.g from the countryside to Mumbai in India
4. people are very isolated due to high relief and landscape e.g nepal
5. The shanty towns are very chaotic -
   Many homeless people that may be missed
   People have no fixed adress
6. Countries with a rapid population gropwth make the census instantly out fo date
7. Countries where there is wars e.g SYria makes collectors unable to collect paper copies and a high death rate makes it not reliable
8. people may lie to claim extra benefits e.g size of family
9. Lack of technology means that counting must be done by hand

Question 3

Impacts of growing population

Answer 3

There is too many kids therefore-
-there willl be a high cost of education. Maybe not enough schools so children only get taught primary and woman may miss put
- There will also be higher costs of child healthcare -
not enough vaccines e.g measles
-not enough maternity hospitals, high infant mortality

In the future there will be too many young adults therefore
- high rates of youth unemployment ( poverty and soical problems)
-Food shortages which can cause malnutrition or diseases such as kwashiorkor
-water shortages- people may be forced to drink contaminated water
- healthcare demand (overcrowded hospitlas, long waiting listing

Benfits- More active young population to fill vacancies
young people with fresh buisness ideas
More people for the armed forces

Question 4

impacts of ageing population

Answer 4

Not enough young active people or kids
-schools may have to close down ( especially in rural areas, children forced to tarvel far)
- shortage of skilled workers
-shortage of unpopular jobs like cleaners
-shortage of trades people
-not enough young people paying taxes
- not a lot of young people with fresh buisness ideas which is bad foreconomy

too many old people-
-High cost of healthcare
-High cost of pensions
-retirement age

Benefits- grandparents used for child care
Less costs for education

Question 5

Push factors of voluntary migration

Answer 5

Push-
1. Poorly paid difficult jobs, long working hours ( and are only working for 3.50
2. Poor quality services in rural areas- poles feel like it is very poor entertainment e.g for example old fashioned
3. Poor housing- concrete slums from communist era
4.Poor education systems- not past high school
5. expensive healthcare ( free healthcare is of a poor standard)
6. High unemployemnt rates
6. Low rates of government benefits for exmaple disabled fro unemployment

Question 6

Pull factors for voluntary migration

Answer 6

1. Eu membership allows free movement to the uk and they can work without a permit.
2. Cheap ryan air flights make it easier to get to the Uk
3. NHS free healthcare and is of a better standard
4. Minimum wage of 9.50 an hour
5. Demand for skilled tradesmane.g plumbers
   Job opportunities due to economic recovery
6. Better quality of services

Question 7

Impact on poland adv

Answer 7

1. More jobs available
2. Cheaper hosuing available
   Money is sent back to Poland - People get a better income to be revincested into the economy
3. Less pressure on schools and hospitals
4. workers return with improved skill

Question 8

impact on poland disadv

Answer 8

1. Dependant population left behind
2. Skilled workers leave
3. Gender imbalanace as often the women are left behind
4. schools and shops may have to close dowm
5. young active leave

Question 9

Impact on Uk pos

Answer 9

1. Young active population which is good for the economy
2. Hard working nature of the poles
3. workers do unpopular jobs
4. more people paying taxes again good for the economy
5. More skilled workers like nurses

Question 10

impact on Uk negative

Answer 10

1. Shortage of housing demans- demand of social hosuing is already high in glasgow
2. Poles taking brits jobs - as they are willing to work for less money
3. Racial tension
4. Language difficulties
5. Homelessness
   6.pressure on NHS and education

Question 11

push factors from syria to lebanon

Answer 11

1. Crossfire- many towns have developed into fighting zones, civilians may be caught in crossfire bullets and killed
2. Bombings- many homes destroyed by bombs and are too dangerous to live.
3. Government massacres-there have been reports of government killing mass numbers of civilians by using chemical weapons in damascus
4. Shortage of food as farmland destroyed
5. Shortage of clena water as water pipes and sewage pipes destroyed by bombs
6. Shortage of healthcare as government flooded with war wounded. Flee in search of medical care
7. Homelessness - over 10 million people have losty their homes go in search of finding shelter

Question 12

pull factors from syria to lebanon

Answer 12

1. Refugee camps were set up to provide shelter clean water an food
2. No border controls for first 5 years
3. Living standarrds were much higher than in syria, higher life expectancy
4. Lebanon had a thriving economy due to toursism with many unskilled jobs

Question 13

impact on lebanon

Answer 13

1. Economic problems-
   costs- money on shelters
   unemployment- job shortages
   cheap labour- syrians willing to work for cheap labour, lebanons may lose jobs
2. Social-
   healthcare/educaion
   poverty- lebanese poverty as economic decline
3. Environmental-
   insufficient toilets leads to cholera
   shortage of food and water leads to malnutrition
   cold weathers in winter and snow cause illness
   many people live in tents with no heating

Question 14

Impact of rural land degradation in the Sahel

Answer 14

environmental
- Vegetation disappears due to over farming and droughts, resulting in bare soil being exposed to the wind and rain
- top soil dries during dry season and gets eroded by wind erosion
-top soil gets washed away by heavy rains in the wet season
-desertification- the sahara essert has spread 100km south in recent years
wildlife habitats destroyed e..g grassland for lions
increased surface albedo reduces rainfall and causes local droughts

Human impacts
-Livestock on farm may die
- food shortages
-water shortages
- farmer becomes poorer
people more vulnerable to other diseases such as aids or malaria

Question 15

solutions to rural land degradation in Sahel

Answer 15

afforestation- planting trees e.g the great green wall. Roots help bind the soil togehter but the trees take long to grow

stone lines built along contours of hills- They are not protected by wind erosion, but they are cheap

managed grazing areas- e.g fencing off the areas. Allows time for the soil to recover but fences are expensive

promote the use of jiko stoves - reduces defforestion and firewood however some farmers can not afford them

Reduced herd sizes- often seen as a status symbols so farmers do not want to reduce

Introduce sustainable crop farming techniques- difficult to convince farmers

Question 16

need to manage housing in Glasgow

Answer 16

1. Run down Victorian tenements e.g Partick
   - Over 100 years old which has lead to structural problems
   - crumbling stonework, rotting wood, roofs and chimneys in disrepair
   - Private owners cannot afford repairs
2. Run down 1960’s high rise flats e.g red road
   - old and disabled people isolated
   -damp concrete buildings
   - no sense of community
   - high crime rates in buildings e.g drug dealings and vandalism
3. Population increase therefore a need for more housing
   -mainly due to asylum seekers fleeing from war zones such as Syria. Glasgow has taken in more per person than any other Uk City
4. increased demand due to smaller household sizes
   - more single people nowadays, mdecline of marriage rates
   -more single parent families due to high divorce rates
5. Economic Decline
   - heavy industries shut down e.g ship builidng
   - people therefore have less money to maintain houses
   - council recieve less tax money to reinvest back into social housing
6. Margaret Thatcher’s 1980’s policies
   - ‘right to buy scheme’
   - funding for housing cut
   - poorest people who cannot afford the houses forced to stay in poorest quality housing

Question 17

solutions to glasgow’s housing problems

Answer 17

1. Build new social housing e.g New Gorbals
   - Mix of private and social housing built
   -Partnerships have been created between council and private companies so funding is shared
   + many high quality successful homes have been built creating a good sense of community
2. renovate the tenements e.g Partick
   - new plumbing and wiring installed, new windows and doors fitted, roofing and walls repaired
   - controlled entrances put on closes
   +Very popular and attractive homes with good community spirit
   - private owners and landlords cannot afford repairs
3. Renovate the best quality high rise flats e.g Cowcaddens
   - Walls have been cladded with insulation to reduce dampness
   - increased security- CCTV put on entrances
   - Cladding found to be dangerous e.g Grenfell tower fire
4. Demolish the worst quality high rise flats e.g Red Road
   - Worst high flats are now mainly gone
   - can be expensive to remove huge amounts of concrete, derelict sites are created
5. New laws for Private Landlords
   - All must be registered with the Glasgow Council
   - Council cant force landlords to improve properties unless deemed dangerous
6. Economic regeneration-
   - investment in improving Glasgows economy e.g Commonwealth Gmes
   + council has more money to invest in houses due to tourism
   - most of money made is kept by private companies as profits

Question 18

Problems of Traffic in Glasgow

Answer 18

1. Growth in car ownership- nearly every family in 2021 has a car
2. Longer more frequent journeys- people have more leisure time nowadays e.g shopping, people live outside the CBD so have to use their cars to get to work
3. Old Victorian Roads weren’t designed for cars
   - the roads are also narrow, so difficult for buses and trucks to pass through
   - as they are over 100 years old, they are in a poor condition with pot holes on them
   - road works often need temporary traffic lights, increases traffic
4. Parked cars reduce lanes
5. Grid layout of the CBD means therte is more junctions and traffic lights, reduces traffic flow
6. Bottle neck effect
   - people travelling to same place at same time
   - M8 is where most of traffic comes through, converges from 5 lanes to 2 lanes on the Kingston Bridge, more traffic #
7. Poor quality public transport like unreliable Scotrail service
8. Subways only covers a small area
9. Buses have high crime rates and anti social behavior, people feel unsafe
10. Expensive fees means cheaper to travel by car

Question 19

solutions to Glasgow’s traffic problem

Answer 19

1. Build new roads to take pressure off existing roads e.g M74 extension
   + the squinty bridge reduces congestion on the m8
   -Encourages people to use there car so generates traffic
   - destroys urban environment
2. Improve existing roads by:
3. One way streets to improve traffic flow
   +increases capacity of the road
   - driver confusion , longer journeys from A-B
4. Computer controlled traffic lights
   + allows for free traffic flow along busiest of roads
   - Roundabouts, would be better but not possible on old narrow roads
5. Double yellow lines
   + can provide two extra lanes
   - bad for business in CBD ( local businesses for customers)
6. Discourage Car use by:
7. Pedestrianizing streets
   +creates a good environment to attract shopper
   - other roads may become busier
8. Increase parking costs
   - encourages commuters to leave car at home
   - bad for business in CBD
9. Encourage public transport use by:
   - renovation of queen street
   - Park and ride schemes
   - new bus link e.g fast link route
   - Modernisation of Subway

+ good for environment , less air pollution
-subways only covers small area

Question 20

the need for housing management in Mumbai ( Shanty town = Dharavi)

Answer 20

1. Houses

1.Makeshift homes made out of scrap material- structurally unsafe
2. Built on unsafe land such as toxic waste dumps and marshland
3. The homes are damp which can lead to respiratory health issues such as asthma
4. Homes are massively overcrowded- 10m2
5. No central heating
6. No electricity- electricity gained illegally through overhead wires, very dangerous
7. Most houses have no running water or toilets

1. Water pipes often become cracked, and clean water becomes contaminated with clean water which causes cholera
2. Open sewers provide breading ground for Mosquitos which spread Malaria
3. There is no rubbish dumped on street, attracts rats which spread disease.
4. Monsoon rains wash sewage into homes which also spreads cholera
5. Sewage also gets washed into rivers where people clean themselves and wash their clothes.
6. Few health centres or schools and emergency services cannot access due to narrow streets e.g fire engines
7. Few authorative services e.g Police which leads to high crime and drug rates

Question 21

Solutions to Mumbai’s Housing problems

Answer 21

1. Build new cheap low cost housing e.g Dharavi redevelopment project
   -areas of Dharavi destroyed
   - high rise flats and street layouts to be built
   -All homes to have heating and electricity
   -+ 50,000 homes to be built
   - nowhere to house people in-between, cannot house everyone, expensive

Not happened yet due to cost and opposition from local people

2. Improve the shanty towns through self help schemes
   - Giving locals materials to improve their homes
   - locals forming co operatives and applying for loans from the bank
   -locals organize rubbish collections
   + people become self sufficient, cheaper than new housing
   - they may not have the skills to carry out the work and may use the money elsewhere
3. Site and service schemes introduced :
   - provide public toilets and standpipes
   - government can provide gas and electricity for homes
   - improve roads to enable rubbish collections
   +people stay in their local communities close to their workshops
   - impossible to provide infrastructure in crowded areas with narrow lanes.
   - Standpipes only turned on for a few hours a day
4. Construction of Navi Mumbai (New Town) to reduce overcrowding in Dharavi.
   + New homes for over 1 million people with electricity
   -People do not want to move away from their communities
   - people don’t want to move away from their supply of income as they work in local workshops

Question 22

problems of traffic in Mumbai

Answer 22

1.There is TOO MANY CARS ON THE ROAD:
-Due to population growth from 15-20 million in the past 10 years
2. There is also a growth in Car ownership due to economic growth e.g better paying jobs
3. Due to poverty, cars are old and prone to breakdown

4. Poor roads:
5. Many roads have no marking and signposts which cause chaotic junctions
6. Roads were built over 100 years ago and are too narrow to deal with the traffic volumes
7. There is a lack of policing so roads are blocked by parked cars, illegal market traders and cattle drawn vehicles
8. due to monsoon rains in the monsoon season, roads become badly damaged like the formation of pot holes
9. Bottle neck effect:
   - found at the end of a peninsula and is surrounded on 3 sides by sea. All traffic heads in same direction.
   - not possible to build ring road
   - All converging traffic heading to same place at same time
10. Poor public transport
    -overcrowded buses and trains
    - only 3 rail lines

Question 23

solutions to Mumbai’s traffic problems

Answer 23

1. Building new roads e.g the Trans Harbour Route
   + takes pressure off existing roads, reduces traffic on road
   - encourages people to use their car and destroys urban environment
2. Improve the existing roads by:
   Repairing roads and painting marks and alo potholes to improve traffic flow
   +Improves traffic flow and safety
   - Many old roads cannot be repaired as they are too narrow are surrounded by buildings
3. Parking restrictions and tuk tuks banned
   + 2 extra lanes can be created
   - bad for local businesses
4. New police control center: CCTV at junctions and traffic lights controlled by Police to improve traffic
   + improved safety and traffic flow at main junctions
   - the technology isn’t very advanced and still prone to human error
5. Improve Public transport by:
   - new buses= 700 new eco friendly buses
   + less overcrowded
   - Buses can still be affected by the poor state of the road
6. 14 new metro lines to be built
   - they are expensive and take a long time to build due to cash shortages
7. New Monorail line built
   + attractive and helps relieve buses and trains of pressure
   - one small monorail route doesn’t help a lot of people