Geography gr.9 Flashcards
What is Canadas population
Canada’s population: 40,126,723 (2025 estimate)
what is Canadas land area
Canada’s land area: 9,984,670 sq km
Canadas rank in land area
Rank in land area: 2nd largest country in the world
number of counties in the world
195
What are some geotechnologies
GIS: Spatial data analysis
GPS: Location tracking
Mapping and navigation tools
Location types
Absolute: Exact coordinates
Relative: Position near landmarks
What was Pangea? Types of plate techtonics
Ancient supercontinent
Plate movement types:
Convergence
Divergence
Transform
Identify the 4 geological Eras and identify the landform regions that were formed during each era.
Precambrian: Oldest era
Paleozoic: Mountain formation
Mesozoic: Dinosaur era
Cenozoic: Modern landscape development
What is glaciation? How do glaciers move?
Glaciation:
Process of ice buildup and movement on Earth’s surface
Creates landscape features through ice movement
Glacier Movement:
Basal sliding: Glacier slides on melted water layer
Internal deformation: Ice crystals shift under pressure
Driven by gravity, moves downslope
Speed varies from 0.5 to 30 meters per day
All of Canada’s landform regions:
Western Cordillera
Interior Plains
Canadian Shield
Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands
Appalachians
Arctic and Hudson Bay Lowlands
Innuitian Mountains
Describe the different types of rocks that can be created
Igneous Rocks:
Form from cooling magma/lava
Intrusive (slow cooling)
Extrusive (quick cooling)
Sedimentary Rocks:
Form from accumulated sediments
Clastic (mechanical debris)
Chemical/organic origins
Metamorphic Rocks:
Formed by heat/pressure changes
Existing rocks transformed
Banded mineral structure
What is climate change? How do greenhouse gases affect climate? Explain global warming and the effects of this on Canada and the world.
Climate change: Long-term shift in weather patterns
Greenhouse gases trap heat, causing global warming
Effects: Rising temperatures, extreme weather, sea level rise
Be able to explain and calculate each of the following: birth rate, death rate, natural increase rate, doubling time,emigration, immigration, net migration, population growth rate
Birth rate = (Number of live births / Midyear population) × 1,000
Death rate = (Number of deaths / Midyear population) × 1,000
Natural increase rate = Birth rate - Death rate
Population growth rate = (Final population - Initial population) / Initial population
Doubling time = 70 / Annual growth rate (%)
Net migration = Immigration - Emigration
Population density = Total population / Total land area
What is population density and how is it calculated? Describe Canada’s population distribution.
Measures people per square kilometer
Canada: 3.99 people/km²
population density is total population divided by land area.
What is a population pyramid? Be able to identify the 4 different types of population pyramids and their characteristics.
Graphical representation of age and sex distribution
Types: Expansive, constrictive, stationary, contractive
Explain the difference between a developed country and a developing country. Identify the different characteristics for each.
Developed vs. Developing Countries:
Developed: Higher income, better infrastructure
Developing: Lower income, developing infrastructure
Define push factors and pull factors. Give examples of each.
Push: Reasons to leave a place (e.g., unemployment)
Pull: Reasons to move to a place (e.g., job opportunities)
Describe the difference between a melting pot and multicultural society.
Melting pot: Cultures blend into one
Multicultural: Distinct cultures coexist
Explain the three ways in which a person can come and live in Canada as an immigrant to Canada.
Economic class
Family reunification
Humanitarian grounds
Discuss the use of the point system and the different classes of immigrants accepted.
Point system: Evaluates immigrants on skills, education, experience
From which countries do most of Canada’s current immigrants come from?
india
Who is considered a refugee? Discuss the current issue occurring with refugees from Syria.
Refugee: Person fleeing conflict or persecution
Syrian refugee crisis: Ongoing since 2011
Identify and explain each of the following terms: urban sprawl, urban growth, urbanization
Urban sprawl: City expansion into rural areas
Urban growth: Increase in urban population/size
Urbanization: Increasing urban population percentage
Explain the difference between higher order goods and services vs. lower order goods and services, and their relationship to rural and urban communities.
Higher order goods/services: Specialized, less frequent purchases
Lower order goods/services: Daily necessities
