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A-LEVELS > GEOGRAPHY(GLOBALISIATION) > Flashcards

GEOGRAPHY(GLOBALISIATION) Flashcards

1
Q

what is globalisation?

A

process of the worlds economy, political systems and cultures becoming more strongly connected and interdependent.

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2
Q

what are the 5 flows that promote globalisation?

A

> FLOW OF LABOUR = movement of people that participate in the workforce. more movement of people overseas, international migration has increased by 40% between 2000 and 2015. people bring their cultures with them

> FLOW OF INFORMATION = info can be spread across the world quickly and easily. development of the internet and social media means large amounts of information can be exchanged across the globe instantly. makes the world more interconnected as people can learn about other cultures and countries without of ever being there

> FLOW OF SERVICES = economic activities that aren’t based around the production of material goods. eg banking. improvements to ICT means services can be located anywhere and still be able to serve customers across the globe. countries are now connected just by having a bak card

> FLOW OF PRODUCTS = manufacturing has recently increased in less developed countries due to lower labour costs. companies relocate production side of their business to less developed countries and import the goods to where they’re sold. for example, disowns manufacturing is in Malaysia but they still sell in the uk. increases international trade.

> FLOW OF CAPITAL = money that is invested to produce an income or increased profit. more FDI. world is more interconnected as a lot of countries economies now rely on the flows of investment to and from other countries

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3
Q

what 4 systems have enabled globalisation?

A

> GLOBAL FINANCIAL SYSTEMS (flow of capital)
GLOBAL TRADE SYSTEM
TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
MANAGEMENT AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS

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4
Q

how do financial systems promote globalisation?

A

the global financial system governs the flow of capital.
based on companies called investment banks, who help companies increase their capital by selling their shares. people who buy shares are called investors.

financial deregulation = relaxed rules on what banks were allowed to do and removed barriers on capital coming in and out of a country

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5
Q

what is the global trade system and how to trade agreements remove barriers to trade?

A

the global trade system is governed by flows of products. trade is primarily regulated by countries governments who control what gets let in and at what price. the global trade system is governed by the WTO, who can stop countries imposing unfair rules on each others companies and settle trade disputes.

controls on trade include :
>TARIFFS = taxes on product coming in
>NON TARIFF BARRIERS = rules on quality of product.
controls make it more expensive for companies to sell their products and consumers to buy.

TRADE AGREEMENTS act like contracts, one country agrees to removed controls in exchange for the other doing so.
trade agreements between two countries is called bilateral TA
between several countries - multilateral

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6
Q

what is global marketing?

A

treats the world as a singular market, can create global brand awareness. eg consumers relate a name or logo to particular product or service.

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7
Q

how do transport and communication systems increase companies efficiency?

A

find new ways of working which means they can make the same product for cheaper. company supply chains have become global (eg the supplier may be in a different country to the factory) which minimises costs. outsourcing means paying another company to do work to save costs of doing it yourself.

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8
Q

how does globalisation create economic interdependence?

A

countries rely on each other for economic growth and development. eg, oil is produced and consumed in different areas

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9
Q

how does globalisation create environmental interdependence?

A

every country relies on the rest of the world to look after the environment, as impacts can affect everyone. eg, Chernobyl explosion in Ukraine increased cancer in Ukraine, Russia, and possible further

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10
Q

how has globalisation created political interdependence?

A

countries rely on each other to help solve issues. eg the 2015-2016 European migrant crisis, countries in Europe worked together to support the refugees.

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11
Q

what are the unequal flows?

A

interdependence can create inequalities as countries and between people in the same country. brings more benefits to developed countries and richer people

> UNEQUAL FLOWS OF PEOPLE
UNEQUAL FLOWS OF MONEY

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12
Q

what is the general unequal flow of people?

A

people tend to move from areas with few jobs to areas with plenty (non developed to developed).
people may leave to escape war. refugees generally try to move to the nearest safe country.

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13
Q

what are the benefits of unequal flows of people?

A

immigrants can increase the economy, as they bring skills and do jobs that others won’t do or can’t do.

remittance = migrants send money back to home communities where there families are. this can benefit the economy of less developed countries.

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14
Q

what are the problems of unequal flows of people?

A

> INEQUALITIES = less developed countries suffer from “brain drain”, as skilled people leave and take their knowledge with them

> INJUSTICE = migrant workers are made to do dangerous jobs for little money. eg, in Qatar, thousands of migrants died when building facilities for the 2022 Fifa World Cup

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15
Q

what are some examples of flows of money?

A

remittance, money from trade, FDI, foreign aid (money given to less developed countries to increase development in help in a crisis)

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16
Q

how is flow of money unequal?

A

money flows from developed to less developed countries to invest in their infrastructure/extraction of minerals. less developed countries don’t have the capital to exploit developed countries.

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17
Q

what are the benefits of unequal flows of money?

prompt - talk about FDI and foreign aid

A

FDI = foreign countries investing into host country can take advantage of low labour costs and cheap raw materials, whilst the host country can benefit from the investment.

FOREIGN AID = improve living standard

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18
Q

what are the negative impacts of unequal flows of money?

A

> INJUSTICE = companies pressure less developed governments to pass laws so it is cheaper for the developed country to invest there. eg pressured to cut environmental regulations.

> INEQUALITIES = foreign aid can result in dependency
FDI can force out local businesses as the foreign country has superior technology and capital to make products more efficiently

> CONFLICT = FDI into agriculture can evict peasant farmers for larger plantations

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19
Q

what is Neo-liberalism?

A

in the 1980s, developed countries thought that the economy would work best without state intervention. maximum economic growth would only happen if barriers to trade were removed and state owned companies were privatised

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20
Q

what are some benefits of Neo-liberal ideas?

A

increased free trade, so enabled increased development

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21
Q

impacts of Neo-liberal ideas

A

> INEQUALITIES = neoliberalism concentrates wealth into the hands of few, such as large, wealthy companies in developed countries

> INJUSTICE = governments and TNCs argue that free trade and privatisation are the best way to help a country develop, which justifies poor working conditions and environmental degradation.

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22
Q

unequal flows of technology problems

A

technology usually flows from developed to less developed.

> INEQUALITIES = developed countries can afford the latest technology. countries with the latest tech can make products cheaper and have better access to information/services.

EG in 2016, 97% of Netherland citizens had access the the internet compared to 20% in Myanmar

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23
Q

how can unequal flows create power imbalance?

A

the unequal flows have left some countries with more power. for example, developed and emerging countries can drive global systems, due to them having more advanced technology and capital etc

they drive global systems to their own advantage and control a lot of the global economy.

many of the biggest contributors to climate change are also the richest countries. they can be reluctant to agree to proposals to limit climate change as they think it might harm their economy. EG USA PULLING OUT OF PARIS AGREEMENT IN 2017

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24
Q

what are 2 global financial institutions?

A

> IMF = INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
-monitors global economies and advises government on how they could increase their economic situation. give loans to countries with economic problems.

> WORLD BANK
-provides loans for less developed countries. money comes from subscriptions from member countries, only less developed countries can take from it but they are expected to pay it back

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25
Q

what are problems with the IMF and WORLD BANK?

A

both led and ran by the USA and other developed countries. less developed countries who are likely to require a loan, also have the less influence over the decisions made by the organisations. REINFORCES POWER IMBALANCE

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26
Q

what is protectionism?

A

countries limit trade by tariffs and non tariff barriers shield industries from foreign competitors

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27
Q

what is free trade?

A

removing protectionism barriers

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28
Q

what are 2 global rules set by WTO?

A

> countries can’t give another country special access to their market without doing the same for every other country
countries should promote free trade

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29
Q

what does OPEC stand for?

A

Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

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30
Q

what are trading blocs?

A

associations between different governments that promote and manage trade. remove their barriers between members, but keep common barriers up for countries not apart of the bloc. the bloc may be based around a specific industry = eg Saudi Arabia oil exportation, members of OPEC

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31
Q

how has globalisation affected the volume and pattern of trade?

A

dramatic increase of global trade

developed countries are the biggest global traders but emerging economies are slowly catching up, eg CHINA is now the biggest exporter of goods since an increase in their manufacturing sector.

rise in fair trade supports people in less developed countries who export their products to a developed country

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32
Q

how has globalisation affected the volume and pattern of investment?

A

FDI = person, company or other group sends money into another country to generate profit. eg, by opening a new branch of their business

foreign investors are attracted to size of market (how many people they can sell to), stability (not in war zone)

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33
Q

how do trading relationships differ between developed, less developed and emerging economies?

A

DEVELOPED
most trade between developed countries. eg in 2013, imports and exports between US and EU accounted for over 30% of global product trade, as the products require a lot of money and expertise

EMERGING
eg china and India, becoming increasingly important in trade. eg chinas manufacturing sector rapidly increasing and Indias highly educated population increases service sector

LESS DEVELOPED
trade mainly with emerging and developed. eg BANGLADESH exports most product to US and EU and imports most from CHINA and INDIA

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34
Q

what is market access?

A

access is about how easy it is for companies and countries to trade with one another. this is determined by the extent of import and export barriers between two countries.

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35
Q

how do developed countries have better access?

A

access is affected by wealth, which developed have a lot of. EG developed countries have the money to invest, and can avoid high tariffs from other developed countries by opening business with them

also, developed countries put higher tariffs on goods imported, making it hard for less developed countries to trade with them.

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36
Q

how has the WTO helped increase market access for less developed countries?

A

SPECIAL AND DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT (SDT) agreements give less developed countries access by allowing the least developed countries to bypass developed countries tariffs.

EG 2001 EUs “everything but arms (EBA)” meant least developed countries could export some of their products into the EU

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37
Q

what are economic impacts of differential market access?

A

it is hard for countries with poorer access to establish new industries as they face high tariffs when trying to sell abroad. there products are incompetitve, as they may be undercut by TNCs who can produce similar products more cheaply and quicker.

less developed countries may become dependant on selling low value primary products, such as agricultural goods. this means that there economic development is slow

38
Q

what are social impacts of differential market access?

A

people in countries with better market access usually have better jobs, which increases the standard of living.

less developed countries have less money for education and healthcare, decreasing quality of life. also dangerous, low paying jobs are moved from developed countries to less developed (so developed can minimise their costs of production by offshoring parts of their company).

39
Q

what is fair trade?

A

promote greater sustainability. eg fairer prices and inhibit child labour

40
Q

banana trade basic facts

A

> mainly exported from latin America and ACP countries (Africa, Caribbean and pacific)
banana trade generates $15 billion revenue a year
500 million people worldwide eat bananas
buyers such as Waitrose and Sainsbury’s only get fair trade bananas
80% of bananas grown are consumed where they are grown

41
Q

issues with banana trade

A

Ecuador, Guatemala and Costa Rica use bananas as a cash crop, so when demand decreases, they are hit hard and so is their economy due to their high dependance on banana trade

-in large banana plantations ran by TNCs, 30kg of chemicals are used per hectare.

-85% of profits stay in the richer import countries and only 15% go to where they are grown.

42
Q

what is one conflict from banana trade?

A

TRADE WAR BETWEEN US AND EU (1992-2012)
EU made a trade deal with ACP, giving them SDT, so they could import freely to the EU
before this, the US provided 75% of the EU’s market, so they complained to the WTO and the EU had to then stop this SDT, resulting in a trade war between US and EU.

43
Q

what affects the pattern of banana trade

A

Trade patterns of food commodities are very much dependent on the where the food can be grown.
This pattern has become more complex with new technologies allowing food to be grown more universally.

For example bananas are mainly grown in between the tropics and production is centred on Latin America, West Africa and Indonesia and India.

44
Q

what is the race to the bottom in banana trade?

A

TNC’s and retailers look for cheapest places to get them from, and this often means places with the lowest environmental standards and social standards (eg child labour)

45
Q

what is a TNC

A

companies that operate in 2 or more countries.

EG Sony manufacture in china, then sell many electronic products to Europe and the USA

46
Q

what are the three types of industry TNC’s operate in?

A

> PRIMARY = extracting natural resources. eg shell extract oil and gas

> SECONDARY = making material goods. eg toyota = vehicles

> TERTIARY = providing services.

47
Q

what are some positives of TNCs?

A

> bring investment into countries, spreading new technology and improve skills and knowledge.

> can promote particular cultures. for example, McDonalds beings western style fast food

> create jobs = more money = more trade? - multiplier effect

> connect countries through their spatial organisation

> make it easier for local companies to trade EG Taiwanese Foxconn, one of main suppliers for devices for apple.

> makes money for origin country

> money can be remitted back to workers families, flows of money

48
Q

general TNC supply chain

A

> headquarters are usually in built up cities in developed countries, with supply of highly skilled workers.
factories are located in less developed countries, where production costs, such as labour and materials, are lower

49
Q

what are mergers?

A

two companies agree to become one bigger company. helps links form between where the two countries operate

50
Q

what is acquisition ?

A

company buys another company

51
Q

what are the two types of integration that help TNCs gain more control over market?

A

> VERTICAL INTEGRATION = company takes over other parts of supply chain. eg shell now owns every part of their supply chain

> HORIzONTAL INTEGRATION = company merges with or takes over another company at the same point of production. eg in 2006, Disney took over Pixar studios.

52
Q

negative impacts of TNCs (socially and environmentally)

A

TNC’s often invest into countries with weak labour and environmental regulations to minimise their cost. eg child labour, dangerous work conditions, underpaid staff and cheaply dispose of waste.

> can create clown towns = loss of culture and sense of place

53
Q

how can TNCs increase marketing through creating brands and direct marketing?

A

create a brand that is recognised globally. eg coca-cola is recognised everywhere so customers will continue to buy it without marketing

TNCs can gain knowledge on local markets and adjust marketing accordingly. eg McDonalds has the mcspicy paneer in India

54
Q

what is the spatial organisation of TNCs like?

A

spread production globally through strategies like outsourcing and offshoring. establish operations in different countries to take advantage of cost efficiencies and access diverse market.

55
Q

what is offshoring ?

A

moving parts of a company to another country

56
Q

how can TNCs access capital?

A

EQUITY FINANCING
issuing shares in the stock market allows them to attract investment from shareholders, providing funds for expansion etc

57
Q

what are some TNC strategies to increase efficiency?

A

> RATIONALISATION = slimming down workforce, have to pay people less
OFFSHORING = cheaper parts of business elsewhere
REPLACING people with machines etc

58
Q

how do TNCs use sport and media?

A

TNCs often sponsor sport events, teams and athletes, providing them with global audience

aligning successful and well regarded athletes can positively influence consumer perceptions.

59
Q

what is a TNC case study?

A

APPLE

60
Q

facts and figures about apple

A

> in 2018, apple became the worlds first trillion dollar company
headquarters in California, USA
manufacturing plant in China (uses Taiwan Foxconn) , where apple employs 350,000 people
provides tech resources for individuals and businesses.
3000 jobs in CORK,IRELAND where they focus on iMac production. attracted highly skilled workers and increased irelands reputation for hosting high-tech companies.

61
Q

reasons for apples success

A

> strong brand image and effective supply chains
positions products as high end so allows them to have higher profits, compete with other companies
tightly controlled supply chain so can closely manage costs and maintain quality

62
Q

what are positive impacts on the host countries for apple?

A

workers are generally paid well and treated well when directly employed from apple

according to apples website, all offices, stores and data centres and powered with renewable energy.

FDI in many countries. due to apples high success and status, this attracts investment from another TNC which brings further economic benefits.

63
Q

what are negatives on the host countries for apple?

A

SOCIAL = health of workers has been criticised. eg no ear plugs. workers in china are on significantly less pay compared to US (eg, $2.20 compared to $27 per hour). many people in china move from rural to urban for jobs, increasing inequality.

ECONOMIC = repatriation of profits. money is sent back to home country, also known as economic leakage.

64
Q

what is global governance?

A

all the rules and organisations aimed at making sure everyone works in a fair way. rules = norms, institutions and international laws. setting rules means making sure everyone acts in a certain way.
EG in 2011, South Sudan joined the UN, agreeing to follow the charter.

65
Q

what is an international law?

A

rules established by countries through international agreements, they are legally binding

66
Q

what is a institution?

A

legal organisation that exists to pass or enforce laws, decide whether rules have been broken. EG the UN and WTO. one inequality = there are conditions for less developed countries receiving loans, as they have to implement free trade with may make poverty and growth worse.

67
Q

how does global governance promote growth and stability?

A

laws and norms means countries must abide by common rules. this increases stability as countries know how other countries will react to a situation, decreasing conflict

WTO = increase global trade through common rules. more trade leads to economic growth, rules make trade more predictable and therefore stable .

68
Q

what is the UN?

A

> United Nations has 193 member countries.
it was set up in 1945 to establish a peaceful and fair world
when a country joins, they have to sign up to the UN charter.

69
Q

what is the UN charter?

A

> maintain global peace and security
develop friendly relations between other nations
bring countries together to settle disputes

peacekeeping missions can help end wars

70
Q

what is one inequality and injustice from the UN?

A

INEQUALITY = developed countries hold most power over decisions taken by the UN.

INJUSTICES = UN peacekeepers failed to protect 8000 people in south east Europe who they were massacred by Bosnian serbs.

71
Q

what is a global institution at a national level?

A

UK parliament , NGOs (non governmental organisations)
NGOs lobby for governments to create laws. EG Greenpeace campaign for environmental protection.

72
Q

what is the global commons?

A

aren’t owned by any one country or organisation, belong to everyone and available for everyones use and benefit. governed by different pieces of international law, such as the UN

73
Q

what are the 4 global commons?

A

> antarctica
high seas
atmosphere
outer space

74
Q

environmental NGOs role on global commons

A

want to protect the commons from exploitation as they offer unique habitats and are valuable for scientific research

75
Q

what is the tragedy of the commons?

A

countries feel they can exploit the commons without dealing with consequences, as the costs of exploitation is shared by everyone.

eg, high seas suffer from overfishing and damage to coral reefs
atmospheric pollution = climate change
increase co2 = ocean acidification

76
Q

global commons case study?

A

ANTARCTICA

77
Q

what is antarcticas environment and climate like?

A

> contains 90% of all ice on earth (70% of freshwater)
very little available water for plants to grow, receives less than 166mm a year.
very cold, average temperature is -49 degrees. very few plants and animals could survive this.
lack of water, warmth and sunlight means it is easily damaged and takes a long time to recover.

78
Q

what are the 4 main threats to Antarctica?

A

> CLIMATE CHANGE
FISHING AND WHALING
TOURISM AND RESEARCH
SEARCH FOR MINERALS

79
Q

how does climate change threaten Antarctica?

A

west coast has warmed by 3 degrees in the past 5 decades. ice shelves around the ross sea starting to melt. species of penguins, such as Adelie penguins, that are adapted to sea ice have declined as it melts. krill depend on the environment sea ice provides

80
Q

how does fishing and whaling impact Antarctica?

A

overfishing threatens many species. Antarctic krill are mainly fished, eg in 2013, 200,000 tonnes were fished. this has knock on effects on the food chain.

there are fishing quotas, but a lot of illegal fishing is difficult to monitor.

whaling has declined since 1982 when regulations bought a ban(whaling moratorium) but some NGOs, including green peach, have said it is poorly enforced as some countries such as Japan, still exploit them for ‘scientific research’ despite the ruling.

81
Q

how does tourism and research impact Antarctica ?

A

increased shipping and air travel can bring water and air pollution. risk of boats hitting an iceberg = oil spills. tourists can trample vegetation, non - native species may be introduced.

82
Q

how does the search for minerals affect Antarctica?

A

underground deposits of coal an iron ore, large reserves of oil under southern ocean. mining is currently banned by antarctic treaty, but this is set to run out by 2030. conditions aren’t favourable. eg too far away to transport machinery. but may become more favourable as finite resources deplete.

83
Q

what is the antarctic treaty?

A

established in 1959, agreement about how to sustainably manage antarcticas ecosystems. it has now been signed by 53 countries

84
Q

what are the rules of the antarctic treaty?

A

-antarctica should only be used for peaceful reasons, no army bases or weapons are allowed on antarctica.

-countries should cooperate on scientific research by sharing plans, researchers and results.

-antarctica should remain in the global commons, individual countries cannot make a claim to it

85
Q

what is the International Whaling Commission? (IWC)

A

responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring whale population is at a sustainable level. in 1994, they set up a whale sanctuary in the southern ocean around antarctica

campaigners have criticised the IWC for not properly monitoring the number of whales in the sanctuary.

86
Q

how does global governance of antarctica affect the rest of the word?

A

monitoring of melting ice has informed efforts to combat climate change. this affects peoples daily lives, eg using renewable energy sources and using cars less

global governance may slow down short term economic growth, eg limits on whales and fish that can be caught limits amount countries can sell. however, it secures resources for the future.

allows tourists to visit Antarctica securely and safely

87
Q

what are developmental benefits of globalisation ?

A

foreign investment brings capital onto a country, which can be used to improve education and infrastructure. this can attract trade and investment = further development. world bank can direct resources to help countries develop further

88
Q

what are economic benefits of globalisation?

A

participation in global trade allows countries to profit from their natural resources and specialist industries. greater access to money = greater standard of living

89
Q

stability benefits if globalisation

A

as countries become more interconnect, they become dependant on one another. this discourages any actions that would upset global stability.

90
Q

environmental impacts of globalisation

A

more transport, more pollution

access to resources from around the world causes deforestation and overfishing

global trade can lead to race to the bottom, countries and companies ignore environmental impacts to produce cheaper goods

cheap products means more people can afford to be wasteful , increasing landfill

91
Q
A

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