GEOGRAPHY(CHANGING PLACES)

Question 1

what is your near place case study?

Answer 1

EASTLEIGH

Question 2

what is eastleighs’ history?

Answer 2

used to be a small, rural village and would’ve stayed this way if it wasn’t for the arrival of the railway lines to London and Southampton between 1832 and 1847.

1890-91, London and south western railway moved carriage manufacturing to Eastleigh. this brought workers out of the city and into the rural village. employed people previously working in nearby agriculture. moving into secondary industry.

1900s-1950s = expansion of cable manufacturing, pirellis.

Question 3

what is eastleights land use?

Answer 3

mainly residential. offer proposed to build 11,000 new homes in north Stoneham, but was met with public disagreement and conflict.

business directed to centre near the swan centre, where many tertiary jobs are provided.

Question 4

eastleighs’ infrastructure

Answer 4

1839 = railway line extended to London, supplying milk to growing population of London

1910 = airport opens

1930-1950s = main A road connects southampton and Eastleigh

1995 = M3 connects to M27, helped facilitate large commuter flows between Eastleigh and neighbouring area. many people live in Eastleigh, work elsewhere and bring money back to Eastleigh.

Question 5

social characteristics and demography of Eastleigh

Answer 5

average income perked is around £26,800 employment rate in 82% which is above the national average.
90% white British

Question 6

what are eastleighs flows of people?

Answer 6

migration of EU migrants, mostly Eastern European. movement of DINKYS, use Eastleigh as a dormitory town.

Question 7

eastleighs flow of capital?

Answer 7

investments relating to new facilities, such as the swan centre

Question 8

eastleighs flow of resources?

Answer 8

housebuilding brings in resources for construction. cable manufacturing brings in minerals such as copper wiring for internet transmission

Question 9

eastleoghts flow of ideas?

Answer 9

POINT THEATRE brings in cultural opportunities and events.
VUE CINEMA = cinematic ideas from European and US producers

Question 10

what are 3 external agents of change within Eastleigh?

Answer 10

> GOVERNMENT POLICIES
MNCs (MULTI-NATIONAL CORPORATIONS)
INTERNATIONAL AND GLOBAL INSTITUTIONS

Question 11

what are examples of government policies in Eastleigh?

Answer 11

LOCAL GOVERNMENT = Eastleigh borough council = acquired areas bowl which recently opened Hilton hotels, giving 500 job opportunities and £50 million to local economy.
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT = £19 million for M27 bridge repair

Question 12

example of and MNC in Eastleigh

Answer 12

PRYSMIAN = one of worlds leading producers of telecommunication cables. UK HQ in Eastleigh. secured 200 jobs but in 2018 was a strike over low pay

Question 13

example if international and global institutes in Eastleigh?

Answer 13

EU = sorting office converted via RECREATE (an EU funding programme that aims to bring empty commercial buildings back to life by turning them into business clusters for artists.)

Question 14

example of place meaning in Eastleigh

Answer 14

THE RAILWAY MAN SCULPTURE = of a killed railway worker of the 1930s
in central Eastleigh. proud industrial, working history is celebrated. towns first major public art and forms the centrepiece of the pedestrian precinct.

Question 15

example of re-imaging in Eastleigh

Answer 15

> RECREATE (EU)
Eastleigh market place received a £600k face lift, resurfacing the area, new electrical points, lighting and street furniture bringing a modern feel to the traditional market.

Question 16

what is place?

Answer 16

all the things that come together to make a place what it is. shows the area for more than just its location/grid on map.

Question 17

what factors make up the term ‘place’

Answer 17

> location
physical characteristics (landscape, topography)
human characteristics (who lives there) plus human features (land use and built environment)
all the things that flow in and out (capital, people, resources and ideas.)
the sense of place

Question 18

what is sense of place?

Answer 18

emotional meanings the place has, either to an individual or groups of people.

some people perceive sense of place differently, eg one person may think the city centre to be a place of excitement and opportunity, whereas someone else may think it is a place of stress.

Question 19

what is an insider?

Answer 19

someone who is familiar with a place and feels welcome in that place. ie they feel like they belong there.

Question 20

what is an outsider?

Answer 20

someone who feels unwelcome or excluded from a place. eg international immigrants who don’t share the same cultural values.

Question 21

what factors can make someone feel ike an insider/outsider?

Answer 21

age
sexuality
gender
culture

Question 22

what is an experienced place ?

Answer 22

places people have spent time in. when a person lives in a place, their experiences, such as the things they see and the people they meet, help shape their sense of place.

Question 23

what is a media place?

Answer 23

places people have not been to, but have created their sense of place through their depiction in media.

media may present a place in a particular way for a particular purpose, eg tourist websites may present holiday destinations such as the Caribbean as a place of relaxation, but the reality for people who live there is poverty and hardship.

Question 24

what are 4 main characteristics of a place?

Answer 24

demographic, economic, social and cultural

Question 25

how has globalisation increased people experience of far places?

Answer 25

> improvements in travel technology means that far places are quicker to get to, so can be experienced more easily and frequently

> improvements in ICT means that people can be very familiar with media places

Question 26

what is ‘placelessness”?

Answer 26

term used to describe how globalisation is making distant places look and feel the same

Question 27

what are endogenous factors?

Answer 27

the internal factors which shape a places character. these could be physical (eg its location, topography) or human (land use, built environment, demographic)

Question 28

what are exogenous factors?

Answer 28

the external factors that shape the character of a place. these include the relationship to other places and the flows in an out of a place (eg ideas, money, resources, people)

Question 29

what are 3 physical endogenous factors and how do they shape character of place?

Answer 29

> LOCATION
refers to where a place is, eg on the coast or inland. places can be characterised by the features that are present because of their location. eg a coastal place may be characterised as a port. inland could be seen as local centre of trade if it was located near road routes

> TOPOGRAPHY
refers to the shape of the landscape. topography can affect other factors, such as land use. flat places may be suitable for large arable farming (crops)

> PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
refers to the environmental features, eg soil, rock type. could be characterised directly by their physical geography, eg place could have igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic rocks which form in different landscapes. other factors such as economic characteristics, a place that is rich in resources such as iron and coal may be characterised by the industries that can exist there, such as mining.

Question 30

that are 3 human endogenous factors that affect character of a place?

Answer 30

> LAND USE
refers to the human activities that occur, eg farming, industry, leisure. a place could be though of as rural if the land sue is farming

> BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURE
refers to aspects of the environment that are built by humans. infrastructure specifically relates to the structure built for transport, communications and services.

> DEMOGRAPHIC AND ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS

Question 31

what are 4 exogenous factors that shape character of place?

Answer 31

> RELATIVE LOCATION TO OTHER PLACES = eg villages and towns outside major cities can be characterised as commuter settlements

> TOURISM = eg land use and economic characteristics of las Vegas is affected by tourism. the casinos and hotels are there for the tourists, and the create employment opportunities for the local people

> FLOW OF CAPITAL = eg Japanese car manufacturer NISSAN has a factory in Sunderland. flow of investment from Japan has influenced some characteristics of Sunderland, including land use and type of employment available.

> MIGRATION = parts of the UK have an ethnically diverse population due to migration from other parts of the world. gives some places a unique demographic. eg 27% of Birmingham population are asian descent.

Question 32

what are the main 3 external/shifting flows?

Answer 32

> FLOW OF PEOPLE
FLOW OF MONEY AND INVESTMENT (AND IDEAS)
FLOW OF RESOURCES

Question 33

how have shifting flows caused demographic change?

Answer 33

> FLOWS OF PEOPLE
can change any of the demographic characteristics. example of this on a local scale, younger people have been having UCKFIELD, Sussex, as they can’t afford to buy a house in the area, leaving increasing number of old people

> FLOWS OF MONEY AND INVESTMENT = either by governments or business. eg governments can invest money in specific places to attract people to live there.

> FLOWS OF IDEAS AND RESOURCES = ideas such as the use of birth control can flow to new places and reduce birth rate and therefore reduce population size. eg, many of the poorest countries in the word have the lowest usage of birth control and rapid population growth. UNITED NATIONS POPULATION FUND (UNPF) have been set up to spread knowledge and ideas about birth control, as well as supplying resources to aid control, such as condoms

Question 34

how to shifting flows affect the cultural characteristics of a place?

Answer 34

cultural characteristics are to do with how people live their lives, eg the foods, clothing, language and beliefs/values.

> FLOWS OF PEOPLE = new people moving to a placer even visiting, bring their culture with them. eg in the 20th century, UK experienced mass international migrations from INDIA and PAKISTAN. this has created multi-ethnic communities, greater mix of language and religions practised.

> FLOWS OF MONEY, INVESTMENT AND IDEAS = new cultural ideas introduced to places. eg fast food companies from the USA such as KFC and McDonalds, opened restaurants in china and have grown rapidly since. eating habits have changed in china as a result, with many people preferring western style fast food over traditional Chinese food

Question 35

how do shifting flows affect economic characteristics?

Answer 35

> FLOWS OF PEOPLE = people visiting can change economic characteristics. eg St Ives in Cornwall used to be a fishing settlement, but is now a popular tourist destination. increased tourists have altered jobs available, eg service based jobs in hospitality.

> FLOWS OF RESOURCES = outward flow of local product or natural resources from a place can impact local economies. products that may have been consumed locally or regionally, can now be sold to global markets.

> FLOWS OF MONEY AND INVESTMENT = reduced investment and competition from global markets has led to decline of some primary industries. eg in the UK during the deindustrialisation. for example, thousands of jobs were lost in south Wales when coal mines were closed.

Question 36

how do shifting flows affect social characteristics?

Answer 36

> FLOWS OF PEOPLE = regional migration of people from rural areas to urban has changed levels of social inequality. for example in INDIA , rural to urban migration resulted in sums developing in cities scubas MUMBAI. they have low quality of life, without access to clean water etc

> FLOW OF RESOURCES = outward flow of natural resources from poorer countries can change levels of social inequality. eg large amounts of oil exported from NIGERIA

> FLOW OF MONEY AND INVESTMENT = process of gentrification has improved social characteristics of some places. NOTTING HILL was once the most deprived areas in London, but now has much lower levels of deprivation.

Question 37

what is gentrification?

Answer 37

where wealthier people buy property in rundown areas and improve the housing

Question 38

how do decisions of TNCs drive changes in a place?

Answer 38

decisions of TNC’s have major impacts on demographic, social and economic characteristics.
> EG DETROIT in the USA was a major global centre of car manufacturing, with TNCs such as ford located there.
> investment from the TNC’s gave the city a massive economic boost, jobs created with offered high wages
> altered demographic by attracting large number of migrants, both from USA and other parts of the world, population grew to peak 1.8 milliom
> around 1950s, many manufacturing closed or relocated to places with cheaper labour such as Mexico. this led to :
-MASSIVE POPULATION DECLINE, reduced to around 700 000
-REDUCTION IN EMPLOYMENT
-SOCIAL DEPRIVATION

Question 39

how do decisions of government policies affect characteristics of a place?

Answer 39

government can directly affect the demographic by introducing policies to control population. EG in china the one child policy was introduced as a method of reducing rapid population growth.

other governments can affect cultural characteristics by controlling immigration.

Question 40

what is representation of a place?

Answer 40

how individuals portray places they know about to others.

Question 41

how do representations differ depending on perspective?

Answer 41

> individuals who are proud may present it to others in a positive way, whilst individuals with negative experiences do not

> organisation companies such as tourism companies may present places positively, as they stand to gain from how the places are perceived.

Question 42

why are good meanings and representations important?

Answer 42

they can change how people behave toward those places. eg positive feelings, make a person decide whether to go on holiday or invest a business there. negative feelings may make them avoid that place.

they also may generate peoples identity (sense of who they are).

Question 43

what 3 groups influence our perception of place?

Answer 43

> GOVERNMENTS
try to attract investment into the area

> CORPORATE BODIES (eg businesses) do this to generate profit, eg from tourism

> COMMUNITY = improve local economy or lives of local people.

Question 44

what are the 3 main strategies to alter perceptions of place?

Answer 44

> PLACE MARKETING = how places are ‘sold’, like products to consumers. marketing companies may be employed to produce websites, design logos etc.

> REIMAGING = changing existing negative perceptions.

> REBRANDING = giving a place a new identity that is appealing to people and investors, achieved by place marketing and reimaging.

Question 45

what are 2 types of quantitative data used to represent a place (strengths and weaknesses)

Answer 45

-STATISTICS
lot of quantitative info about what the places are like, eg population, income, crime rates etc. can be in form of raw data or represented in graphs such as pie charts. they are objective, but can be used subjectively. people can select what data they choose to show and not show. they don’t tell you anything about the sense of place

-MAPS
data that has a location. can show physical features. may show some qualitative data such as happiness, identify sense of place. maps can be misleading, eg historical maps may be innacurate

Question 46

what are 2 types of qualitative data used to represent a place ?

Answer 46

> FILMS, PHOTOS AND ART
visual representations show what a place looks like. only represent what the artist wants to show you.
photographs only show a place from a given moment. photos can be altered so they look different to reality
films can evoke sense of place, but depends on story being told.
paintings are less reliable than films as it is the artists interpretation, can be good at conveying sense of place and character though.

> STORIES, ARTICLES, MUSIC AND POETRY
written can describe places, show how it feels to be in that place, only offer perspective of the author though. not complete picture. newspaper articles give a lot of details but may be biased. they may focus on topics that will help them sell more copies. they all give an emotional impression but only from the writers perspective.