Geography (facts)- changing economic, rivers, living world, natural hazards Flashcards
1
Q
Birth rate, death rate, what is HDI
A
The number of live deaths per thousand per year. The number of deaths per thousand per year. Human Development Index- (health, education, money)- made of life expectancy, literacy rate, GNI
2
Q
UK and link to the wider world
A
Culture –> television exports worth £1.48 billion.
Electronic communication–> new arctic fibre project
European union- Uk joined 1973, left 2016,
Commonwealth- group of 54 nations, human rights, sustainability, social and economic development, trading like, immigrants
3
Q
Effects of uneven development:
A
Wealth: UK has a GNI 40x higher than in chad.
Health: 1/3 deaths due to disease in LICs, chronic illnesses in HICs, 4 in 10 deaths in children under 15 in LICs
Migration: middleeast refugee crisis: 2011, 80% live below the poverty line in Syria, overcramped shelters
4
Q
Reducing the development gap
A
investment: china spent $200 million on building the Africcan Union Headquarters
Industrial development: proton cars in Malaysia, development of oil, gas rubber
Aid: Oxfam goat aid in Africa
Toursim: Jamaica, beings $2 billion a year
Intermediate technology: Ethopia, machinery to make fruit trees, resevoir
Free trade:50% of cocoa beans come from Cote de i’vore and Ghana, no tarrids on these
Fair trade:Ugandan farmers earn extra income from Fairtrade Premium
Debt relief:IMF cancelled 19 debts in 2006.
Microfinance technology: Grameen Bank Bangladesh gave $200 for phones.
5
Q
Jamaica tourism
A
Caribbean sea, 3rd largest island in Caribbean. HDI- 0.734, infant mortality 14
Tourism accounts to 35% of Jamaica’s GDP.
brings $2 billion per annum. Montego bay, Great Huts resort- ecotourism
6
Q
Economic change in the UK
A
now a post industrial economy- development of jobs so they are more finance, services and research based.
primary- 75% in 1800 to 2% 2006
mainly tertiary now
7
Q
Uk effect of deindustrialisation, globalisation and government policies.
A
deindustrialisation: honda factories use swindon robots to paint cars.
Globalisation: M&S products sent from Portugal to the UK by lorry.
Government policies: before 1979, state run industries, outdated equipment, strikes, after 1979, sold to private shareholders, and private companies bought modern finance centres. e.g. British PLC sold and money spent on London crossrail.
8
Q
development of information technology, service and finance industries and research
A
information technology- 1.3 billion employed in the IT sector
Service and finance industries. service industries account to 79% of UK employment
research- arctic research, NHS, BBC, science and business parks.
9
Q
Science and business parks
A
Southhampton science park. MAC Ltd in radio communications, Maverick Aviation, near uni, near to M3, green spaces, health club
Cobalt business park: siemens, santander, near to A1 & international airport. Largest in the UK
10
Q
Torr quarry
A
limestone quarry, employs over 100, contributes £15 million, resored into nature reserve, wildlife lakes, limeston features, monitoring of noise, water pollution, rail tranport, deepend instead of widened.
11
Q
Changes to rural landscape (changing populations)
A
South cambridgeshire:
growing population, house prices and petrol prices increase, local economy does not benefit from commuters, 80% car ownership, gentrification.
Outer hebrides: declining population, school closures, youth move away due to lack of jobs, larger dependency ratio, decline in fishing. infrastructure not able to support tourism which bring £65 million to local economy.
12
Q
North and South divide.
A
London- 3.1% economic growth
North east- 0.5% economic growht.
low income child in london 3X more likely to go to uni than in hartlepool.
life expectancy in blackppoool is 7-8 years lower
13
Q
Reducing north and south divide by transport improvements.
A
Road- £15 billion road strategy, A30 cornwall project, widening fo A303 super highway, maintencance of bridges + additional lanes.
Railway improvements: london crossrail used by 200 million passengers. HS2 high speed rail line from manchester to london.
Leeds £ 200 million tram/transit system
Ports: liverpool 2 - container terminal, decreases freight trafic, 5000 jobs,
Airport: brings £22 billion to UK GDP, brings 1 million jobs,
Northern powerhouse rail project: 74000 jobs,
14
Q
enterpise zones
A
enterprise zones: establishes new businesses, superfast broadband, financial support for machinery, planning regulations.
local enterprise partnerships: encourages investment, lancashire, investment in manufacturing and energy HQ. blackburn improvements to traffic.
15
Q
nigeria importance and location
A
west Africa, population of 213 million, makes up 18.5% of African population, 20% in poverty, life expectancy of 54, 60% nigerians live on less than $1 a day. northern hemisphere.international importance: commonwealth, 15th largest oil producer in the world, media, telecoms
national importance; largest farm output, around 30% employed in agriculture, highest gDp in Africa.
16
Q
Nigeria context (social, cultural, political, environmental, wider politics/world)
A
wider politics: OPEC- stablisies price of oil, ensures regular oil output. WTO- world trade organisation, part of African Union- economic planning, troops
Social: Yorubo and Igbo ethnic groups, tensions between ethnicities and surrounding economic equality, rise of groups like islamic fundamentalists.
Cultural: Nollywood, Afrobeat music, Won africa cup of nations 3 times
Political: civil war, only gained independence in 1960, unstable government, corruption, dictatosrhips, now they have more investments from china
Envrionment: north nigeria is a semi-desert, graxing animals, growing cotton.
Jos-plateau, woodlands, wetter & cooler
South of Nigeria is tropical rainforest, tsetse fly is lethal to cattle here.
17
Q
Nigeria changing industry and economy
A
GDP growth= 10% to 160% 2000-2011
decrease in agriculture 58%-27%
more than 50% in secondary and tertairy sectors.
Trading links with India, USA, China, EU
18
Q
Nigeria effect of manufacturing
A
10% of Nigerians employed in oil industry.
oil accounts to 90% of export revenues.
Foreign investment. China donated $ 1 billion for railways.
Nigerian oil fields attract TNCs like Shell and PetroChina Corporation
19
Q
Shell in Nigeria
A
employs 65000 in Nger delta, attracts investment, pay tax, sustainable extraction . Shell paid $20 billion in corporation tax in 2013. $12 billion spent in LICs.
12+ hours, sweathshops, crimes against the Ogoni people, child labour.
20
Q
International aid
A
Nets for life
HIV programme in UK
Support from NGOs and charities, corruption in government.
21
Q
Effects of industrial development onthe environment
A
5000 industrial plants.
22
Q
Nigeria quality of life
A
improved lilfe expectancy 47-54 in 9 years. more secondary school enrollments. Highest HDI improvements, infant mortality decline, internet users 0%-75%
23
Q
Physical landscapes types of rock.
A
Sedimentary: South downs
Metamorphic: Scotland, Lake district
Igneous: Dartmoor, Devon and Scotland
24
Q
River Severn
A
Longest river in the UK. 220 miles, travels from welsh cambiran mountains to the Bristol hennel forms a physical border between Wales and England. Break its neack waterfall in Wales and meanders in Gloucestershire, esturay over 5 miles wide.
25
Banbury flood scheme
Floodplain of River Cherwell, 50km north of Oxford, damaged property worth £12.5 million, 150 business and homes destroyed, closure of transport.
2012 flood scheme, flow control structures, 4.5 m high, earth embankments parallel to M40, 2.9 km, raised A361, storage area, biodiversity action plan. cost of scheme = £18.5 million using donated money from Environment agency. protects 41 houses. benefits worth £100 million. 100 000 tonnes earth removed.
26
The living world biomes
Mediterranean: 40-45 N
Tundra- antarctic/arctic: 66 N & S, temps below -50
Temperate grassland: 30-40 N & S
Tropical grassland: 15-30 N & S
Desert: 30 N & S
Tropical rainforests: equator
27
Attenborough ponds
Richmond park, high nurtrientand turbidity levels, freshwater habitat, great crested newts, impoverished macrophytic and inverterbate communities, non-nativ plants outtcompete native species, silt and debris, bank erosion due to human activity.
28
layers of rainforest and its value
shrubs, under canopoy, continous canopy, emergents, evotranspiration responsible for 15% for the atmosphere's water vapour natives. biodiversity hotspot with over 15000 plants, 3rd largest island, all year round growing season, economic revenues, clean water supplies, medicines, 25% drug come from rainforest plants, trousim, sustainability, tourism
29
Borneo deforestation
31% lost in the last 40 years.
Subsistence farming- slash and burn
Commercial farming-> palm oil brings $8 billion to Indonesia and provides 85% of global supply.
Logging- due to logging and clearance of land, 50% of the rainforest has been destroyed,
30
Sustainably managing rainforests
conservation and education: conservation international and Givudan marketing Tonka beans.
International agreements. forest stewardship council
ecotourism: costa rica
31
Cold envrionments
sub 0 tmperatures, contionus permafrost coasts. polar (-50--10) and tundra has milder summers, net primary production, infertile soil
31
Alaska opportunities:
90N, NW of US, bordering canada.
fishing industry--> 8000 jobs, subsitence vs commercial. In arctic Yukon region, westward, southeast, inuits rely on food
Mineral extraction: Prudhoe Bay oil field , makes up 14% of US energy supply, trans alaskan pipeline thickly insulated doesn't harm caribou migration routes. 90% taxes to Alaska comes from oil and gas industries.
Energy: 50 hydroelectric plants, blue sitka lake on glaciated valleys. geothermal Chena Hot Springs.
Tourism= 1-2 million summer tourists, whale watching, skiing
31
Port Au Prince Haiti earthquake, Jan 2010
GDP= $11.9 billion, 7.0 magnitude, conservative margin between caribbean and North American plates. 6 million below poverty line
.effects: 230 000 deaths, 4000 school destroyed, airport tower collapsed. UN peacekeepers brought contaminated water supplies.171000 cases of cholera, 1.3 million homeless. 2 million with no water or food.
responses: damaged port so aid was slow to arrive. USA rescue teams and 10000 troops, EU and USA supplied 1 million tarpaulin shelters and gave $400 million aid., lack of promised funds, poverty, 1 million still in shelters a year later, World Bank cancelled debt for 5 years, UN government schemes providing grants for construction schemes.
31
Alaska issues
inaccessibility: solifluctiton, thermokarst, frost heave, permafrost
building and infrastructure: urban heat island effect, subside, piles, gravel pads. 800 miles trans alaskan pipeline suspension bridges, zigzags, pumping stations, stilts. risk of oil spills - Exxon Valdez Oil spill 1989 , 250000 sea birds died, tourism spending decreased by 8%, damage to commercial fishing, ANWR (Arctic National Wildlife Refuge) contain 6-16 billion barrels of oil
32
Alaska managment strategies sustainable
Conservation groups: WWF, helps ecosystems in the beaufort sea.
International agreements: antarctic treaty signed by 12 countries, controls tourism. use of technology- trans alaska pipeline. role of governments:protects 9 million ha of Western Arctic Reserve (WAR) . NEPA (national envriomental policy act) extraction companies protect environment and natives rights.
32
benefits to living in Iceland, why do people make themselves vulnerable
eruption every 5 years. 2 million tourists in 2019 ( waterfalls, volcanoes and glaciers), fertile soils, heating from geothermal energy and hot water used to heat 90% of buildings. geothermal energy generaates 27% of electricity, rocks used for construction.
32
Sendai Japan 2011
GDP= $6.2 trillion, location on the ring of fire. 9.0 magnitude between Pacific and eurasian plates, tsunami at 800km/h, buildings with shock absorbers, earthquake survival kit, 180 seismic stations across Japan.
Effects: 15900 deaths, 330000 building damaged, 300 hospital damaged, no electricity, cost of $235 billion, tsunami 40m tall broke sea walls, 7 nuclear reactors meltdown, raliway and transport damaged, rural areas isolated.
Reponses: predicted where tsunami would hit, 100000 Japan self0defense force and rescue workers, sniffer dogs, US military, China, Australian, New Zealand rescue teams, 20km evacuation around Fukushima nuclear plant. Reconstruction policy council- 23 trillion yen to be spnt, airport and tohoku express repaired.
32
constructive, destructive and conservative plate boundaries.
constructive: iceland, mid atlantic ridge
destructive: between Andes Nazca plate and the South American plate.
Conservative: Haiti
32
Layers of the earth
Crust: continental = 70km, lighter, granite , older. oceanic= 5-8km, denser, younger, basalt
lithosphere= (crust and upper mantle) 80-100km, sold, peridotite.
Asthenosphere= denser and more mobile than lithosphere, 100-300km thick.
Mantle (1000-3700)
upper mantle: mostly solid
lower mantle: hotter, denser, higher pressure
outer core: liquid iron and nickel (4500-5500)
inner core: solid ball of iron and nickel, dense (6000)
32
Weather Hazards in the UK
Thunderstorms: South of Britain and Midlands August 2020, 35000 lightning strikes- flash flooding, agricultural land destroyed.
prolonged rainfall: snowmelt, flooding, December 2020, very wet winter, flooding.
Drought: 2003 extreme european heatwave, 20 000 deaths.
Heavy snow and extreme cold: North of UK, beast from the east, damaged Bristol suspension bridge, remnants of hurricanes over atlantic.
32
Tropical storms
east Asia andsouthwest pacific 5-30 N & S, oceans, temps over 27 (average temp has increased by over 1 degree over last 100 years), unstable rising air, june-nov in northern hemisphere and april-nov in southern tropics, min 50m depth of water. Saffir Simpson scale. cat 1= 74-95mph, 1-2m storm urge height, minimal damage. cat 5= .155mph storm surge >6m, catastrophic damage.
33
Typhoon Haiyan
Vulnerability: made up of 7000 islands, sea water temps >28, 1/4 living under poverty line. low lying lands and steep hillsides, risk of landslides, coastal mangrove forest removed, deforested areas for housing
Typhoon: nov 2013, tacloban and cebu, 314km/h winds, storm surge wave of 2.3m but hit the coast at 5m. 280mm of rain.
8000 deaths, 1.9million homeless, contaminated water supplies, electricy down, farmland flooded. $13 million damage, landslides delayed aid, 5.6 mil lost jobs, dystenery outbreaks
Responses: immediate-> PAGASA (phillipenes meteorogical agency) gave warnings, evacuation of 800,000, Plan Interntional constrcted pit latrines for 100,000 to prevent disease, storm resistant houses built, tourism encouraged, UN appealed for $300 million.
33
Evidence of climate change
Proxy data: natural recorders of data, not as reliable (do not give exact temps)
foraminifera microfossils & oxygen isotopes in sediment and ice cores, dendrochronology (tree rings), rising sea levels and thermal expansion, risen by 19cm since 1900, seasonal changes advancing, surface air temps and ocean temps up 1 degree over past 100y recorded by satellites, weather stations, radar and ocean buoys.
34
Somerset floods 2014
In SW of UK, borders bristol channel, wheree the river parret and river tone meet. Causes: Topography, antecedent rainfall (winter between 2013-2014 3x average rainfall, high tides, storm surges, dredging, pumping stations, changing practices in farming (grass to wheat) and weather (low pressure and position of jet stream, depressions). Villages like muchelney cut off by road. insurance prices, 600 homes flooded, A361 closed. damage of £80 million, local companies and business and tourism lost money. vegetation damaged from mud and debris, stagnant water, toxic had to be reoxygenated, unproductive infertility. warning systems, sand bags, SLMFAP (somerset levels and moors flood action 20 year plan gave money to the environment agency for: construction schemes (flood wall) additional pumping stations and irrigation pumps, regular dredging, cutting grass so no badger holes, retention ponds on farms, woodland, tidal barrage, widening of River Sowy's chanel, embankments concrete.
34
climate change periods
quaternary period (last 26 million years)
Pleistocence(lasted 100,000 years), ice age, permanent ice sheet on antarctica
Holocene (last 12000 years), temp rose, ice expanded and retreated, interglacial period, climate has remained relatively stanle
34
Natural and human causes to climate change
Natural causes:
Milankovitch cycles:
eccentricity- determines glacial periods (orbit lasts 100,000 years
obliquity- axel tilt, angle of the earth, determines intensity of the seasons and climates, day and night, every 41000 years it changes
Precession: changes every 19-24000 years, repsonsible for timing of seasons, Uk vs Australia.
Sunspot cycle lasts 11 years, mauver minimum (litte ice age)
Volcanic activity: mt. Pinatubo had a 0.5 cooljng for 3 years 'volcanic winter'
Human causes: fossil fuels accounted for 89% carbon emissions in 2018.
Agriculture: emits 30% of all greenhouse gas emissions
Deforestation: emits 20% of all greenhouse gas emissions
35
impacts of climate change:
flooding- deaths in Spain Balencia, malaria in eastern Africa, drought in sub-saharan Africa, agriculture wheatt decrease in south asia, fishing industry decline in East Asia, temp expected to rise by 1-4 degrees by 2100, extinction in the Amazonia rainforest which may become a savannah, coral bleaching in the Great Barrier reef due to acidic water.
36
Management of climate change (mitigation and adaptation)
alternative energy production: 2018, renewables accounted for 26% of global electricity generation, nuclear reactor at Hinkley Point, somerset.
CCS granted £4.2 million by UN gov. CO2 liquiefied and injected into impermeable rock.
Planting trees: planting 1 trillion trees would reduce 200 billion tonnes of C after 75 years
International agreement: 2016 paris agreement signed by 196 nations.
change in agricultural systems: Gambia drought resistant crops, new irrigation systems
managing water supplies: desalination- transfer from water surplus to water deficit, artificial glacier in Himalayas due to receding glaciers.
reducing risk from rising sea levels: thames barrier in london, , raised flood shelters and houses built on embankments in LICS in Bangladesh, coastal mangrove forest in Maldives, sea walls, artificial islands.
37
UK, London location, regional, national, international importance
population UK~67.7 million
London- SE england, river thames, unis, medicane, education, employment, largest and wealthiest cities, rural to urban migration financy industry, 2 international airports, TNC headquarters, media and communication
38
London opportunities
migration from south east asia and europe.natural increase. 37% population born outside the UK, economic migrants from Bangladesh->
cultural mix-Shoreditch: old galleries/pubs/buildings-new high rise apartment, restaurants-- more recreation and entertainment- film making and art industry but gentrification
employment: hi-tech companies like Apple, real estate, law, finance
Transport: Elizabethan line/crossrails- 200 mil passengers, houses near stations, less traffic congestion
Urban greening- National park city- cooperation, wildlife, trees,prevents flooding 47% of the UK is green
39
London issues/challenges
urban deprivation: deindustrialisation,urban sprawl, x green areas, private health
INEQUALITIES (east village,olympic park vs newham,stratford)
housing: prices risen by 429%,shortage
education: underachieving in deprivated areas, ethnic groups, but Newham has improved
health: low, infant mortality is 4.1 worse than average
employment: high unemployment (6.4%)
dereliction: closure of industry, drug dealing, brownfield sites
urban sprawl: increase in pop,gentrification,dispersed,traffic issues,greenbelt prevents major building outside rural-rban fringe
atmospheric pollution
waste disposal: 1/4 waste goes to landfill, only 33% is recycled
traffic congestion:car ownership increase, causes 9500 early deaths, pollution near schools, congestion charging zone, low emission zone 24/7, crossing toll charges, cycle routes,bus lanes, park and ride, pedestrianised streets, cyce hire, zip cars, elizabethan line... but... roadworks,protest, congestion further from centre
40
inequality,deprivation,deindustrialisation,decentralisation,e-commerce,surburbanisation,depopulation
inequality: extreme differences in wealth,wellbeing,access to services
deprivation: lack of wealth,services,low standard of living, income,poor health and education, employment, housing,crime, living envrionment
deindustrialisation: industry moves away (globalisation, dockland/mine closure)
decentralisation: ppl & industry move to suburbs (cheaper)
depopulation
suburbanisation: cities expand beyond original area
e commerce: online shopping/trade
41
Regeneration (of east london olympic park)
regeneration: long term upgrading of existing urban rural industrial areas to bring about social and economic change
Regeneration of olympic park:
Lower lea valley originally: deprivation,derelication,unemployment,industrial wastelands,poor education
advantages: westfield employs 10,000, tube station, Chobham academy (schools), parkland areas (300 000 wetland plants), river lea improved,built on brownfield, athlete's village (housing), employment
disadvantages: gentrification, rise in rent, construction jobs not for locals, existing properties demolished, over budget of £ 5 billion
42
Sustainability in urban areas (e.g. east village, stratford)
sustainable city- can meet its needs without making it more difficult for future generation to meet their needs.
ecological footprint: area of land that is needed to produce all the inputs a city uses and dispose of its outputs-- always larger than the city itsef (imported/locally grown food, water from rivers, energy from fuels that are mined/water & energy conservation, waste to landfill/recylcing,pollution of air and water/reducing traffic congestion)
SUSTAINABILITY IN EAST VILLAGE:
public transport,cycling & walking routes, green spaces(central park) and roofs, services, modern high density energy efficient apartments, affordable housing
water recycling: rainwater filtered and recycled for toilet flushing, reduces water use by 50%
heat & power: saves 30% by burning biomass to generate at same time
43
urbanisation, urban growth, megacities, counterurbanisation, natural increase
urbanisation: proportion/percentaage of ppl living in towns/cities
urban growth: an increase in area covered by cities
megacities: cities with a population in excess of 10 million
counterurbanisation: mvmt of ppl from urban to rural areas
natural increase: birth rate is higher than death rate
44
Rio (location, regional/national/international importance)
location: SE brazil, coast of atlantic ocean, pop(2023)- 13.7 million
regional-services,schools,hospitals,art,recreation
national- 2nd largest city in Brazil,migrants from rural Brazil, SA,portugal (former colonial power), headquaters for companies, mining, oil, clothing, processed food, entertainment & media, research, unis
International- 2.25 million international tourists, olympics, world cup final, international transport hub (3 airportss), trade (coffee, sugar exports), industry, finance, migrants (UK, USA, China)
45
Rio opportunities
Economic: industrial growth & jobs (largest steelworks in SA, rich iron ore in Minas Gerais, construction & manufacturing, ports, shipping,oil referineries, clothing), financial centres (tertiary,high pay and educated, insurance, investment, international migration), informal sector (tourism,migration,unskilled, incr.labour supply)
Social: health (4%-70% health cover in favelas, family health teams for 3000), education (1000 primary schools, NGo, gov support),water(300km new pipes,largest water treatment),energy (hydroelectirc plant, solar panels),transport (new metro link)
46
Rio challenges
crime(gangs,drugs,pacifying police units PPU),health(55% had local health clinic 2023, little services for pregnant &elderly), education (50% continue over 14y, dropouts-->drug trafficking,low pay/training staff,grants to poor,uni in Rochina, free extracurriculars),water(12% no access to water, illegal access, leaks, 7 new treatment plants, 300km pipes), energy (blackouts,60km new power lines, hydroelectricity), unemployment (richest 1% have 12% of income, poor 50% have 13% of income, 20% unemployed in favela, poor pay, no insurance)
Envrionmental: traffic congestion, air pollution (5000 deaths per year), water pollution (industrial waste,ship oil spills), waste polution (cholera + rats)
47
Favelas ( & opportunities and challenges) + BAIRRO PROJECt
Favela: squatter community that springs up in an area that used to have no houses
Rochina (largest favela), 1.5 million live in favelas
opportunities: pacification,plantation centres, creaticity, recreation
challenges: construction (landslides,limited road access),services (12% no water, 30% no electricity, 50% no sewage), unemployment(20% work in informal sector), crime (20 per 1000 murder rate), health (waste in street, cholera,burning rubbish)
BAIRRO PROJECT: advantages(daycare,schoolcare,adult literacy, wooden building-->brick, removing houses from steep slopes, rehousing, widening streets, training in hydiene,tech, transport-3.5km cable car in Alemao, medical services on alcohol and drug addictions, youth cultural activities)
disadvantages (ppl rehoused,higher rents, elevated pavements cause flooding, residents lack literacy skills, so difficult to train for employment)
48
resource, social and economic wellbeing, distribution and demand for resources
resource: any physical material (a stock) extracted from the earth that has value or purpose
social wellbeing - involves a person's sense of belonging and their relationship with others
economic wellbeing- person's/family's standard of living based on how they are doing financially and materially
distribution of resources: uneven,in different ways and in different amounts. global inequality as HIcS extract and buy resources from LICS who do not have tech to exploit resources
demand for resources: increased due to pop growth and HICS consuming a lot of reosurces and LICS becoming wealthier. generally , supply of resources struggle to keep up with demand
49
Significance of food,water,energy
FOOD: essential & calories needed depends on activity/age/gender. ( In LICs,,undernourishment,malnourishment
affects health)
WATER: UK--> 4% for drinking, 75% for industry, rest used for toilet flushing,baths,clothes,washing (domestic)
(LICS have economic water scarcity and some others have physical water scarcity)
ENERGY: used for industry,transportation,heating,domestic use. (countries with industrial development conusme more energy resources)
THE AVAILABILITY OF ALL THESE RESOURCES DEPEND ON LOCATION AND WEALTH
50
PROVISION OF FOOD IN THE UK: Why has demand for food increased + reducing food miles
higher demand for high value exotic foods from LICs/NEEs abroad 12% food eaten in UK came from LICS in 2019 bc ppl's incomes increased e.g. demand for kenyan beans/peas/tea but cost of air freight, farmers earn little,2/3rds are casual albourers no job security.
ppl want more variety/efficiency
ppl want seasonal produce all year round: more food imports (UK's climate unsuitable,,poor harvests, expensive animal feed, cheaper food abroad)
ppl want organic produce (made without chemicals)
ISSUES WITH FOOD PROVISION:
Food miles: miles over which a food item is transported during the journey from producer to consume. carbon footprint
reducing food miles: local sources of food, buying food in season,growing food, investing in agribusiness with companies like ATB (industrialises farming, investment,moderntech,research and chemicals to maximise food production so less need for importing)
51
PROVISION OF WATER IN THE UK: Why has demand for water increased + reducing water pollution/deficit/stress
average water used by household in UK has risen by 70% since 1985
-better hygiene awarenss
-increase in wealth and so leisure and demand for out of season produce
-increase in pop
-increased industrial production/ farming
ISSUES WITH WATER PROVISION:
inequalities:
water deficit- when demand for water is greater than supply
water stress- when demand for water exceeds supply for a certain period of time or when poor quality restricts its use
water surplus- when supply of water is greater than demand
so...
water transfer schemes: e..g Thilmere water transfer scheme: thilmere to manchester which has higher pop and water stress, 30km pipelines using gravity flow/no pumps
government plan project: national water grid but it has high costs/maintencance, river basin has impact on environment, CO2 released from pumping water far, potential droughts.
Water pollution: untreated toxic waste, bioaccumuation,fatbergs in sewers, legsilation( laws,regulations,penalties)
hot water: legislaton and investment in infrastrucutre
chemicals: buffer zones/pollution traps (reed beds)
sewage containing microbacteria: treatment plants & infrastructure e.g. investment in Thames sewage works
pollution from ships: education campaigns
52
PROVISION OF ENERGY: changing energy mix in UK, reducing energy consumption/insecurity
UK- decline in energy consumption/increased energy efficiency
fossil fuels to renewables:
1990-3/4 of UK energy from f.f 2/3 of UK's gas reserves still remain
2020- 47% of Uk energy from renewables (largest offshore wind farm Hornsea One has 174 turbines,biomass Drax power station, Hinkley poiny C nuclear reactors,solar), 68 days when UK's electricity made without coal
2025- f.f activity halved
Increase in imported energy: UK imported 35% not self sufficient in 2019, oil and coal production decreased.
ISSUES WITH ENERGY PROVISION:
energy inequalities due to factors affecting supply (physical factors ;geology/landlocked, technology, political factors;arctic, israel and iran, cost of exploitation and production;nuclear power plant costs £18 billion)
energy surplus: when a country produces more energy than it consumes
energy deficit- whena country consumes more energy than it produces
Energy security- has an interrupted availability of energy sources at an affordable price
energy insecurity- has an interrupted supply of energy or when it is unaffordable
China,USA,Europe HICs/NEEs have high energy consumption (energy needed for household energy is 1/4 energy used for industry) & are the major producers of energy (greater exploitation)
global energy consumption increasing: economic develoment,rising population, improvements in technology, quality of life increasing (cars,lighting,heating)
impact of energy insecurity:
exploration of difficult and environmentally sensitive areas- arctic holds 30% of unexploited natural gas resources,2010 deepwarer horizon oil spill in gulf of mexico contaminated 1600km coastline
economic costs (japan imports 94% of its energy)
industrial output (closure of 500 companies in Faisalabad)
food production (uses 30% global energy, biofuel energy, in Mali firewood is main source of energy so they collect wood instead of farming land)
potential for conflict (Iran-Iraq,Gulf war, middleastlargest oil producing region, western fear of global energy shortage)
53
pros and cons of f.f, nuclear and renewables
f.f: mining expensive,hard to access,environmental issues,health issues,ghg,access roads,industry,fracking
Nuclear: cleaner,research &development of tech,waste,intial investment, cost to store & transport waste
Renewables: ghg, artifical reef,visual pollution,high se up costs, research and dev, noise pollution,impact untouched scottish highlands
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Increasing energy supply- Camisea project
Renewables:Biomass (USA produced 1 million barrels of biofuel daily in 2015) Wind turbines,hydroelectric (three gorges dam in China), tidal, Geothermal (87% of Iceland's heating is from geothermal activity),wave energy (cornwall and wales),solar energy (morocco solar farm provides electricity for 1 million ppl)
Nuclear: contributes to 9% of global energy mix, Fukushima 2011
F.f: Fracking in Lancashire was halted due to safety concerns in 2017 and some ppl arrested for protests, but it releases half the amount of Co2 produced from coal), tech tested in Texas,USA,
Camisea project 2004: exploits gas field in Peru, 408km pipeline,gas liquefaction plant on coast, marine terminal, saves peru up to $4 billion in energy costs, exports,57000 jobs,, deforestation,landslides,matsigenka indigenous tribes, developers brought Hepatitis B and 50% of Natua community died
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Extracting natural gas (fracking)
54% of global reserves in Russia,Iran and Qatar, reserves can last 53 more years at current rate of production, 135% less c emissions than coal
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Sustainable energy development, sustainable energy supply
Sustainable energy development: economic development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to their own needs and does not harm or depete natural resources
sustainable energy supply: balancing supply and demand, reducing waste and inefficiency, and consumption and increasing energy conservation
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How to improve energy sustainability
more energy conservation (using tech,changing behaviour,sustainable designs, transport electric cars/trams and green buses. UK no new petrol or diesel cars will be sold from 2030, having goverment incentirves for sustainable designs
reducing individual ennergy use and carbon footpritns: changing behaviour
reducing global energy dmenad: increasing energy price, off peak energy tariffs, media and other campaigns e.g. carbon trust to raise awareness,financial incentives for energy saving devices. marlott hotels in Uk and europe has automated energy saving standby mode when national supply grid needs to reduce demand)
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Sustainable energy development (Malmo sweden HIC and the chambamontera microhydroscheme LIC)
malmo sweden: all 1000 buildings use 100% renewable energy,water taxis,solar tubesfor hot water pumped using electricity by wind power, biogas buses
Chambamontera microhydroscheme: isolated in Andes Mountains,Peru, hald population earn $2 a day,lack electricity, impassable roads in winter,low pop density, energy deficit, scheme supported by Practical Action Charity, cost $51000, some gov money & investment from Japan but mostly paid by families
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littoral zone, swash,backswash,fetch, longshore drift
littoral zone: area of shoreline where is there is wave action (offshore,inshore,foreshore,backshore)
swash: water rushes up the sand when wave breaks
backswash: water runs down the sand after wind breaks
fetch: length of water the wind blows over
longshore drift: sediment is moved up the beach in a zigzag pattern as the wave approaches at an angle
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Mass movement
Mass movement; movement of rock,mud down a slope due to gravity/heavy rain
Rock fall: Burton Bradstock,Dorset
Slumping: curved slip plane, toe
Landslides: jurrasic coast dorset
Rockslides
Mudslides: lobe
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what effects coastal landforms
geology: hard (portland limestone) so headlands,cliffs, stacks archs vs. soft (clays and sandstone Bagshot Beds Wealden) so bays
Rock structure: concordant (lulworth cove), disconcordant so differential erosion (Durlston head and studland bay)
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Erosional landforms
Cliffs: burton bradstock cliffs
Headlands and bays (durlston head and studland bay)
Wave cut platform
Caves, arches, stacks, stumps
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Hard and soft engineering coastal and managed retreat
Groynes: stops longshire drift/reduces wave energy,cheap,effective, dangerous, ugly, storms, sediment starvation
Sea wall: reduces power, long-lasting,overtopping, restricted access, repairs expensive, ugly, habitat loss
Gabions: absorb wave energy, cheap, easy to construct, looks nice, storms, dangerous
Rock armour-deflect and reduce wave energy, cheap, aesy to build, access, sotrms, ugly, high-resistant rocks taken from locals.
Sand dune regeneration: picnics,cheap,biodiversity,access,maintenance,storms,fertilisers,vegetation,trampling
Beach nourishment:pretty,tourism,access,cost of digger
beach reprofiling: pretty, access from bulldozers, expensive
Managed retreat: relocation, if it happens in North Norfolk, 6 villages will be destroyed
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coastal management in Holderness coast
Holderness coast: NE england, 61km Humber estuary to headland, ice age glaciers melt to form till-clay clliffs, longshore drift, destructive waves, sea levels rising 4mm a year, resistance points on coast (gas terminal at Easington protected by rock armour), sediment removed for building.
£2.1 million scheme
Hornsea- groynes and rock armour
Mappleton- groynes
beach nourishment
B1242 protected, high erosion rate 10m/year in Great Cowden sediment starvation, disagreements,
